Bovista

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Bovista
Bovista plumbea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family:
Lycoperdaceae
Genus: Bovista
Pers. (1794)[1]
Type species
Pers.
(1795)
Synonyms[2]

Bovista is a

homeopathic
preparations.

Description

Fruit bodies are oval to spherical to pear-shaped, and typically 1 to 8 cm (0.4 to 3.1 in) in diameter with a white or light-colored thin and fragile exoperidium (outer layer of the

echinulate.[6] This exoperidium sloughs off at maturity to expose a smooth endoperidium with a single apical pore (ostiole). The fruit bodies may be attached to the ground by fine rhizomorphs that may appear like a small cord. Some species develop a subgleba—a sterile base that is typically not well developed.[7] The fruit bodies of mature specimens can develop surface alterations such as scales, plates, areolae, or verrucae. At the microscopic level, these features are made of hyphae, sphaerocysts (rounded cells), claviform (club-shaped) cells.[7] Bovista sclerocystis is the only species in the genus with mycosclereids (setoid elements) in the peridium.[8]

Spores are brown to purple-brown, roughly spherical or ellipsoid in shape, and 3.5–7 μm in diameter. A short or long pedicel (stalk) may be present. At maturity, the entire fruit body may become detached from the ground, and the spores spread as the puffball is blown around like a tumbleweed.[9]

In Bovista, the capillitium (a network of thread-like cells in which the spores are embedded) is not connected directly to the interior wall of the peridium. Instead, it is made of separate, irregularly branched units that end in tapered points.[10] This type of capillitium, also present in the puffball genera Calbovista and Bovistella, has been called the "Bovista" type by Hanns Kreisel, who published a monograph on Bovista in 1967. Kreisel also defined the "Lycoperdon"-type (a capillitium comprising long, threads with occasional dichotomous or irregular branches), and the "intermediate" type (a transitional form between the Bovista type and Lycoperdon type, featuring threads that may be pored, with several thick main stems connected by multiple branches).[11] All three types of capillitia structure are found in Bovista. "Bovista"-type capillitia are elastic, a feature shared with the gasteroid genera Lycoperdon and Geastrum. The flexibility of the capillitium gives the gleba a cottony texture that persists even after the exoperidium has been sloughed off.[12]

Systematics

Illustration of Bovista plumbea from James Sowerby's 1797 work Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms

The genus was originally described by mycologist

Synonyms include Piesmycus (Rafinesque 1808), Piemycus (Rafinesque 1813), Sackea (Rostkovius 1844), Globaria (Quélet 1873), and Pseudolycoperdon (Velenovský 1947). Bovista plumbea is the type species.[2]

Kreisel, in his 1967 monograph, proposed two

monophyletic.[14] Also, Bovista may be split into two clades, Bovista and Globaris, that roughly correspond to the subgeneric divisions suggested by Kreisel.[15]

Edibility

Puffballs of the genus Bovista are generally edible when young and white inside, but caution must be taken to prevent confusion with immature, and potentially deadly Amanitas. This is done by cutting fruit bodies longitudinally to ensure that they are white throughout, and do not have internal structures within.[16]

Related genera

Geaster.[17] Bovistella is another similar genus, it may be distinguished from Bovista by its ample sterile base.[18]

Use in homeopathy

Reference to the genus has appeared in several 19th-century textbooks on homeopathy. Richard Hughes wrote in A Manual of Pharmacodynamics (1870) "Bovista is said to be indicated, and to have proved curative in head affections characterised by a sensation as if the head were enormously increased in size".

diabetes mellitus, ovarian cysts, and "acne due to cosmetics".[21]

Species

The Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008) estimates there are 55 Bovista species worldwide.[22] Index Fungorum lists 92 species that it considers to be valid.[23]

reported in South Africa[24]
reported causing
Chiba City (Japan)[26]
reported from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina[27]
Originally collected in Iceland[31]
found in Finland[33]
reported from Mexico[8]
reported from
Nor Yungas, Bolivia[27]
reported form Viña del Mar, Chile[27]
reported from Nepal[35]
  • Bovista aestivalis
    Bovista aestivalis
  • Bovista nigrescens
    Bovista nigrescens
  • Bovista colorata
    Bovista colorata

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Persoon C.H. (1794). "Dispositio methodica fungorum" [Methodical arrangement of the fungi]. Neues Magazin für die Botanik (in Latin). 1: 6.
  2. ^ a b "Synonymy: Bovista Pers". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  3. ^ Rostkovius FWT. (1839). Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands (in German). Vol. 5–18. Nürnberg: Sturm. p. 33.
  4. ^ Quélet L. (1873). "Les champignons du Jura et des Vosges. IIe Partie". Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard (in French). 5: 370.
  5. ^ Velenovský J. (1947). Novitates mycologicae novissimae. Prague. p. 93.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ISBN 0-412-36970-2
    .
  7. ^
    doi:10.5248/118.27
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 21148934
    .
  9. ISBN 0-916422-74-7
    .
  10. ^ Smith A.H. (1951). Puffballs and their Allies in Michigan. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 75.
  11. ^ a b c d Kreisel H. (1967). "Taxonomisch-Pflanzengeographische monographie der Gattung Bovista". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia (in German). 25. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer: 224. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Bates ST, Robertson RW, Desjardin DE (2009). "Arizona gasteroid fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 37: 153–207 (see p. 159).
  13. doi:10.1002/fedr.4880690306
    .
  14. JSTOR 3761759
    .
  15. PMID 18207380
    .
  16. ISBN 0-395-91090-0
    .
  17. JSTOR 3754761
    .
  18. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5
    .
  19. ^ Hughes, Richard Arthur Warren (1868). A Manual of Pharmacodynamics - Google Book Search. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  20. ISBN 978-81-8056-194-8
    . Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  21. ISBN 978-81-7021-785-5
    . Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  22. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .
  23. ^ "Search by: name Bovista". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-11-18.
  24. ^
    doi:10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31200-5
    .
  25. doi:10.4102/abc.v35i1.374
    .
  26. S2CID 84981546
    .
  27. ^ a b c Suarez VL, Wright JE (1994). "Three new South American species of Bovista (Gasteromycetes)". Mycotaxon. 50: 279–289.
  28. doi:10.5248/111.411
    .
  29. ^ Kreisel H, Hausknecht A (2002). "The gasteral Basidiomycetes of Mascarenes and Seychelles". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde. 11: 191–211.
  30. S2CID 14337846
    .
  31. ^ Hallgrimsson H. (1988). "Bovista lomosa Rostr. found in Iceland". Natturufraedingurinn. 58 (1): 27–30.
  32. doi:10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31199-1
    .
  33. ^ Haeggstrom C.-A. (1997). "Bovista pusilloformis found in Finland". Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 73 (2): 59–64.
  34. ^ Kreisel H, Hausknecht A (2006). "The gasteral Basidiomycetes of Mascarenes and Seychelles 2" (PDF). Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde. 15: 137–42.
  35. doi:10.1002/fedr.19760870106
    .

External links

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