Calbovista

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Calbovista
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Calbovista
Morse ex M.T.Seidl (1995)
Type species
Calbovista subsculpta
Morse ex M.T.Seidl (1995)
Synonyms[1]
  • Calbovista subsculpta Morse (1935)
  • Calbovista subsculpta var. fumosa
    A.H.Sm.
    (1965)
saprotrophic
Edibility is edible or inedible

Calbovista is a fungal genus containing the single species Calbovista subsculpta, commonly known as the sculptured puffball, sculptured giant puffball, and warted giant puffball. It is a common puffball of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast ranges of western North America. The puffball is more or less round with a diameter of up to 15 cm (6 in), white becoming brownish in age, and covered with shallow pyramid-shaped plates or scales. It fruits singly or in groups along roads and in open woods at high elevations, from summer to autumn.

Although the puffball was originally

validly until 60 years later. The species is named for its resemblance to Calvatia sculpta, from which it can be usually distinguished in the field by its less prominent pyramidal warts, and microscopically by the antler-like branches of its capillitium (thread-like material among the spores). Calbovista subsculpta is a good edible species while its interior flesh (the gleba
) is still firm and white. As the puffball matures, its insides become dark brown and powdery from mature spores.

Taxonomy

In her 1935

invalid because it lacked a description in Latin—a requirement of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature that was implemented effective January 1, 1935. The genus and species were published validly with a Latin description by Michelle Seidl in 1995.[3]

type locality, differs from the nominate variety in its grayish outer peridium and minute scales. Because it was based on an invalid genus, it too was invalid; it was later published correctly in 2012 with the full name and authority Calbovista subsculpta var. fumosa A.H.Sm. ex J.C.Coetzee & A.E.van Wyk.[5]

Calbovista is usually

Lycoperdaceae,[6][7] although the nomenclatural status of this group is unclear, as some authorities lump it into the Agaricaceae.[8][9] By contrast, Sanford Myron Zeller placed Calbovista in Mycenastracae, a family erected by him in 1948 to contain Calbovista and Mycenastrum, two genera united by similarities in capillitial morphology.[10] Mycenastraceae is not currently considered to have independent taxonomic significance and is folded into synonymy with the Agaricaceae.[11]

The genus name Calbovista combines the parts cal, referring to the genus's puffball ally Calvatia, and bovista, alluding to the genus's similarity to Bovista and Bovistella. The specific epithet subsculpta refers to its resemblance to Calvatia sculpta, a species with which it had been frequently confused.[2] Common names used to refer to the fungus include the sculptured puffball,[12] sculptured giant puffball,[13] and warted giant puffball.[14]

Description

Fruit bodies are edible when the interior gleba is still white and firm.

Fruit bodies are irregularly top-shaped to roughly spherical, measuring 7–17 cm (3–6+1⁄2 in) wide by 6–12 cm (2+1⁄2–4+1⁄2 in) high. It has a two-layered peridium. The outer layer of the peridium (the exoperidium) is thick and leathery (except where it thins toward the base), measuring 5–10 mm (3⁄16–3⁄8 in) thick.[15] It is divided into irregular three- to six-sided, low pyramids that are usually blunt, but sometimes pointed. The pyramids are 5–8 mm (3⁄16–5⁄16 in) thick. They have parallel markings, a feature Morse attributed to the differences in growth rate caused by variations in daytime and nighttime temperatures.[2] The pyramid centers have short brownish hairs. The pyramids cover the entire peridium except for near the base, where it is smooth.[12] Warts on the surface of young fruit bodies may be disproportionately thick.[2]

The inner peridium is a thin shiny tissue that is depressed into areas demarcated by the pyramidal plates. The puffball base, which occupies about a third to a quarter of the bottom of the fruit body, consists of moderately-sized chambers that persist even after the

rhizomorphs. Initially white, the gleba turns color from yellow to golden brown to dark brown as the spores mature.[2] As the gleba dries, the inner peridium dries and cracks, exposing the spore mass in cracks between the scales.[13] The gleba is supported by a yellowish-brown to light brown subgleba.[15]

The spherical spores measure 3–5 μm, including an outer covering (an

epispore) of about 0.5 μm. Their surface texture ranges from smooth to faintly warted. They have an oil droplet, and a translucent pedicel (a small stalk) up to 2.5 μm long. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 10–12.5 μm long by 5–7.5 μm wide. The capillitium comprises short, highly branched (resembling antlers) and entangled threads measuring 5–10 μm wide with walls up to 2.5 μm thick. Capillitial threads do not have septa.[2]

Microscopy
Light micrograph of the characteristic antler-branched capillita Electron micrograph of capillita and spores The spores have a faintly warted surface and a pedicel.

The puffballs are edible when the interior gleba is still firm and white.[17] The flesh has no odor and a mild taste.[18]

Similar species

In the field, Calbovista puffballs are sometimes difficult to reliably distinguish from Calvatia sculpta. Although the latter species has prominent pyramidal warts, some specimens of Calbovista (especially young ones) may share this feature and the distinction between them becomes blurred. Microscopic differences can be used to tell the two species apart: Calvatia puffballs do not have a highly branched and entangled capillitium. Another lookalike, Mycenastrum corium, has a smooth peridium, a reduced or absent base,[18] tends to split open in maturity into irregularly shaped sections,[2] and has spiny capillitial threads.[19] Calvatia subcretacea, also found in high elevations under conifers in western North America, has smaller fruit bodies, measuring up to 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) high and 5 cm (2 in) wide. It has small pointed warts with gray tips.[18] Calvatia booniana is a large puffball—up to 60 cm (24 in) in diameter—found in open pastures and grassy areas of the western United States that has flat polygonal scales on the outer peridium. In addition to its larger size, it differs from Calbovista in that it lacks a sterile base[18] and its capillitia are less branched and have septa.[16]

Habitat and distribution

Calbovista is a

morel hunters in the spring, as it grows in similar habitats.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "GSD Species Synonymy: Calbovista subsculpta Morse ex M.T. Seidl". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  2. ^
    JSTOR 3754047
    .
  3. ^ Seidl MT. (1995). "Validation of the puffball genus Calbovista". Mycotaxon. 54: 389–92.
  4. S2CID 26531082
    .
  5. hdl:2263/21213
    .
  6. ^ Kreisel H. "An emendation and preliminary survey of the genus Calvatia (Gasteromycetidae)". Persoonia. 14 (4): 431–9.
  7. ISBN 978-0-916422-74-5
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .
  9. ^ "Lycoperdaceae Chevall". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
  10. PMID 18102856
    .
  11. ^ "Mycenastraceae Zeller". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-0-394-51992-0
    .
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-0-295-96480-5
    .
  15. ^
    ISBN 978-1-60469-353-9
    .
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-0-472-85599-5
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2
    .
  18. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1
    .
  19. ^ Smith AH. (1951). Puffballs and their Allies in Michigan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 80–1.
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-1-60223-058-3
    .
  21. JSTOR 3754178
    .
  22. JSTOR 3755205
    .
  23. ^ Redhead S. (1997). Macrofungi of British Columbia: Requirements for Inventory (PDF) (Report). Victoria, Canada: Ministry of Forests Research Program, B.C. Ministry of Environment. p. 96.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calbovista subsculpta.

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