Caladenia
Spider orchids | |
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C. carnea growing in Tasmania | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Orchidaceae |
Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
Tribe: | Diurideae |
Subtribe: | Caladeniinae |
Genus: | Caladenia R.Br., 1810 |
Species | |
Synonyms[1][2] | |
Caladenia, commonly known as spider orchids,
Description
Orchids in the genus Caladenia are terrestrial,
The
Taxonomy and naming
The first specimens of the genus were collected by
The genus was first formally described by
The genus name (Caladenia) is derived from the Ancient Greek words kalos meaning "beautiful" and aden meaning "a gland" referring to the colourful labellum.[10]
There has been disagreement between taxonomists as to which orchids belong in the genus Caladenia and which do not, and about classification within the genus.[11] Recent studies of the molecular phylogenetics of the group suggest that John Lindley’s 1840 description of Caladenia (in The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants),[12] but including Glossodia and Elythranthera, as being the most accurate reflection of the subtribe Caladeniinae. Those orchids previously included in the genera Glossodia, Elythranthera and Cyanicula have been transferred to Caladenia.[2]
Caladenia orchids are informally grouped into those with long narrow sepals and petals, such as the white spider orchid (C. longicauda) and the clubbed spider orchid (C. longiclavata), those with short sepals and petals which tend to hang near the stem, such as the zebra orchid (C. cairnsiana) and dwarf zebra orchid (C. pachychila) and a third group with short, spreading sepals and petals such as the cowslip orchid (C. flava) and fan orchid (C. nana).[3]
Distribution and habitat
Most caladenias are endemic to Australia. Eleven species, ten of which are endemic, occur in New Zealand with one also occurring in Australia. Caladenia catenata and C. carnea occur in New Caledonia, with the latter also found in Indonesia. There are about 136 species endemic to the south-west of Western Australia, 114 of which have been formally described and a further 18 hybrids which have been described and named.[13]
In Western Australia, caladenias are found in the south-west from north of Kalbarri on the west coast to the Nuytsland Nature Reserve on the coast of the Great Australian Bight. Their habitats range from cool, moist Karri forest, to swamplands near the coast and to almost arid mallee woodland.[3]
Ecology
Orchids in the genus Caladenia are pollinated by insects, usually bees or wasps. Some species appear to attract male wasps by having the scent, shape and colouration of flightless female wasps. For example, C. lobata attracts male Thynnoides bidens wasps. As the wasps lands on the flower, the labellum is pulled down by the insect's weight. As it moves up the labellum, that organ tips the insect against the column where the wasp contacts the sexual parts and either picks up or deposits pollinia. Many such orchids are only attractive to one species of insect. Sometimes hybrids between female-mimicking and food-attracting species occur as in the case of C. patersonii which has the odour of fermentation. C. patersonii attracts several insect species, and forms hybrids with insect-mimicking species including C. lobata and C. dilatata.[14][15]
In some caladenias, the sepal and petals (apart from the labellum) are narrow with expanded tips called "clubs". These are thought to be the source of sexual attractants for those species that mimic female wasps. Most such species do not have a scent detectable by humans but are attractive to male Thynnid wasps. For some species, such as C. multiclavia, it is the labellum that mimics the size, shape and presumably the scent of females.[3]
Use in horticulture
Caladenia have generally proven difficult to maintain and cultivate artificially.[16] Some enthusiasts have had limited success by cultivating the symbiotic fungus that the orchid requires and by careful use of fertiliser to keep the fungus and orchid in balance.[17] The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records that "These and other orchids have edible tubers."[18]
Gallery
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Arrowsmith spider orchid (C. crebra)
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Clubbed spider orchid (C. longicauda) budding
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White fingers (C. chlorostyla), from New Zealand
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Several Caladenia species from Pelloe's West Australia Orchids
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C. atrovespa growing near Canberra
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Dancing spider (C. discoidea) growing near Perth
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Butterfly orchid (C. lobata) near Mount Barker
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Large white spider orchid (C. venusta)
See also
References
- ^ "Caladenia". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
- ^ a b "Caladenia". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9780646562322.
- ^ Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ a b Bernhardt, Peter. "Genus Caladenia". Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney: plantnet. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
- ^ "Arethusa catenata". APNI. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- PMID 25878091.
- ^ "Caladenia". APNI. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. London. pp. 321–322. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
- ISBN 0849326753.
- PMID 19398445.
- ^ Lindley, John (1840). The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. Piccadilly, London: Ridgways. p. 421. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ^ Brockman, Garry; Brown, Andrew P. (2015). "New taxa of Caladenia (Orchidaceae) from south-west Western Australia". Nuytsia. 25: 45–123.
- .
- ISBN 9054104864.
- ^ Coker, Julian. "Australian Native Orchids - An Overview". Orchid Societies Council of Victoria Inc. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ^ "Caladenia". Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
- New species in Orchid Research Newsletter No. 47 (January 2006) (Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew)
External links
- Media related to Caladenia at Wikimedia Commons
- Gallery of images - Orchid Society of Western Australia