Caldicot and Wentloog Levels

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Coordinates: 51°34′12″N 2°49′30″W / 51.57°N 2.825°W / 51.57; -2.825
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51°34′12″N 2°49′30″W / 51.57°N 2.825°W / 51.57; -2.825

A reen in Goldcliff on the Caldicot Level

The Caldicot and Wentloog Levels are two areas of low-lying estuarine alluvial wetland and intertidal mudflats adjoining the north bank of the Severn Estuary, either side of the River Usk estuary near Newport in south east Wales. They are also known collectively as the Monmouthshire Levels or Gwent Levels,[1] and the name Wentloog is sometimes spelled Wentlooge in official publications.

The

Wentloog Level lies to the southwest between the River Usk and Rhymney River and consists of 8,500 acres (34 km2). They are an agricultural region interspersed with suburban development.[2]

The levels are formed from tidal deposits and

archaeologically, with finds from the Mesolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age
periods.

They are an important wetland resource. Parts have been designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. They are registered as a Landscape of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales.[3]

History and archaeology

There have been variations in both land and sea levels in the Severn Estuary since the start of human habitation in the area. The Levels have been reclaimed from the sea at different times during the historic period, preserving evidence of patterns of settlement, enclosure and drainage systems.[4] Mesolithic and later remains have been discovered at Goldcliff, and late Mesolithic human footprints at Uskmouth.

One of the most significant finds was of a 3rd-century

Romano-British boat found at Wilcrick near Magor.[3] The Romans occupied the area from the 2nd to the 4th centuries. In 1878, a boundary stone marking the building of 33 paces of embankment by Roman soldiers was discovered at Goldcliff. Research suggests that, initially, reclamation of the natural salt marsh for farmland began at a few "island" sites within the marshes, such as at Nash and Redwick, before a sea wall was built along the whole coast.[5]

Goldcliff Priory was established in 1113 and together with other major landowners took responsibility for further drainage work in the area. Settlements became established, linked by droveways such as the Whitewall at Magor, and land was gradually reclaimed for pasture and arable use. A large number of Anglo-Norman sites including castles, churches, court houses, manor houses, moated sites and watermills show near-continuous occupation throughout the Middle Ages.

The

Bristol Channel floods of 30 January 1607 (New style), caused by either a storm surge or a tsunami, resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 people, with houses and villages swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (518 km2) of farmland inundated and livestock destroyed.[6] This was one of the worst natural disasters recorded in Britain
.

Drainage and management

Most of the levels has been the subject of artificial drainage schemes, and the area is criss-crossed by drainage channels, known locally as '

Internal Drainage Board
.

In 1531,

long title of the Act is "An Act to provide for the commutation of the liability of Landowners in the Levels of the hundreds of Caldicot and Wentlooge in the County of Monmouth
to maintain sea walls and other works to provide for the making and maintaining of roads in the said Levels and for other purposes."

This was superseded in 1942 by the Caldicot and Wentlooge Levels Drainage Board, now the

Wales Audit Office for overpaying staff, paying for trips abroad for its members, and acting unlawfully on other occasions. The IDB accepted the report and stated that the organisation's management had changed substantially since the time of the offences.[10] Newport West MP Paul Flynn called for further police investigation into what had happened.[11]

The pattern of ditches now found on the Caldicot Level has been complicated by the construction of the

Newport Wetlands Reserve. Whereas the raison d'etre of all previous reens and ditches had been to drain the land, the aim of the network of new waterways constructed as part of the reserve has been to keep the land flooded, albeit with fresh water.[12]

Ecology

The levels support the following rare species:

References

  1. ^ Historic Landscape Characterisation: The Gwent Levels
  2. ^ "The Landscape". Living Levels. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  3. ^ a b Gwent Levels – Historic Landscape Characterisation
  4. ^ Bell, M., Caseldine, A. and Neumann, H. (2000). Prehistoric Intertidal Archaeology in the Welsh Severn Estuary, CBA Research Report 120
  5. ^ Stephen Rippon, The Historic Landscapes of the Severn Estuary, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary, 11 (2000), 1, pp 9–35. Open access icon
  6. ^ "The great flood of 1607: could it happen again?". BBC Somerset. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  7. ^ Geograph photos of Reens in the Levels, accessed 5 May 2021
  8. ^ "Mapping the Levels". Living Levels. The Living Levels Partnership. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  9. ^ Caldicot & Wentlooge Levels Internal Drainage Board Website Archived 11 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ South Wales Argus, Gwent public body responds to damning report, 8 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012
  11. ^ Monmouthshire Free Press, Newport MP calls for police probe after damning report on Gwent quango, 10 October 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012
  12. ^ BBC Newport Wetlands Reserve 18 February 2009 news.bbc.co.uk, accessed 5 May 2021
  13. ^ Natural World Magazine, Spring 2009, The Wildlife Trust, published by Think publishing
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