Campbell's dwarf hamster

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For the Russian Winter White dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus), see Winter white dwarf hamster.

Campbell's dwarf hamster

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Cricetinae
Genus: Phodopus
Species:
P. campbelli
Binomial name
Phodopus campbelli
(Thomas, 1905)
Synonyms[2]
  • Phodopus tuvinicus Orlov and Iskharova, 1974
  • Phodopus crepidatus Hollister, 1912

Campbell's dwarf hamster (Phodopus campbelli) is a species of

small pet
.

In the wild, the breeding season for Campbell's dwarf hamster varies by location. For example, the breeding season begins towards the middle of April in

autonomous areas of Tuva and the Hebei province in northeastern China
.

This hamster is listed as of

Russian Federation
.

Taxonomy and naming

The

binomial name of Campbell's dwarf hamster is Phodopus campbelli. This species is the type species of Cricetiscus (named by Thomas in 1917, and now considered a synonym of Phodopus), and is named after C. W. Campbell, who first collected it on July 1, 1902, in Inner Mongolia. The type locality was the village Shaborte in Mongolia. This locality has puzzled later writers and was believed to be a general Mongolian word for a dry lake, and therefore with no specific coordinates.[3][4][5] However, in the reprint of C. W. Campbell's book "Travels in Mongolia" it is clear that Shaborte is an actual village on the route followed through Mongolia.[6] Thomas described the type specimen in 1905 as Cricetulus campbelli.[2][3]

Synonyms for this species are Phodopus crepidatus and Phodopus tuvinicus.

Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) due to some of the common names, such as the "Siberian hamster" also being used to describe the Djungarian hamster.[12]

Subspecies

American biologist Ned Hollister described a subspecies in 1912:[4]

Description

The size of Campbell's dwarf hamster varies depending on its location. For example, eight wild specimens examined from Mongolia showed an average head and body length of 80 mm (3.1 in), an average hind foot length of 13.5 mm (0.53 in) long, with a tail length of 5 mm (0.20 in).[5] In captivity, they are proportionally larger, as commercial pet food and fruits provide more nutrition than food found commonly in the wild.[13] The lips and cheeks have white fur and the rest of the fur around the face can be either grey or brown. A dark and narrow dorsal stripe runs along the center of the back from the nape of the neck to about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) above the tail. The surface of the hands and feet are white to ensure the animal stays warm in colder climates in countries such as Mongolia.[3]

A Campbell's dwarf hamster standing on its hind legs.
A Campbell's dwarf hamster

In both the wild and captivity, Campbell's dwarf hamsters scent-mark around their

skin glands located behind the ears. They use urine and feces for communication.[14]

Campbell's dwarf hamster is distinguished from the similar-looking Djungarian hamster by its smaller ears and no dark patch on the

auditory bulla.[4][5] Campbell's dwarf hamster is much less tolerant to lower temperatures than the Djungarian hamster. A laboratory experiment showed Campbell's dwarf hamster can resist temperatures as low as −31.8 °C (−25.2 °F), where the Djungarian hamster can withstand temperatures as low as −44.7 °C (−48.5 °F).[12] Campbell's dwarf hamster reacts to lower temperatures by constantly exercising and tries to find a sheltered location, unlike the Djungarian hamster, which curls up and relies on its autonomic thermoregulation.[12]

Campbell's dwarf hamster has

dermal papillae. When the pouch is full, it extends and becomes part of the structure of the skin.[16] By 11 days of age, the cheek pouches are fully grown and can carry objects up to the size of a sunflower seed.[17] When the cheek pouches become full, they extend back to the shoulder blades, which restrict movement.[15]

Campbell's dwarf hamster is prone to genetic abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids.[18][19] They can develop tumours of the mammary glands, lungs, uterus, and ovaries. Tumours can also develop if the animal is exposed to chemical carcinogens.[20] Due to having slow locomotion and an insignificant response to bright lights and humans, as well as having a low population density, field studies allow scientists to study entire populations in the wild.[21]

Lifespan

Hamsters kept in captivity live for around 2.0–2.5 years.[22] Young hamsters provided widely varied diets early in life are less likely to suffer digestive problems as they mature, but this is not always possible in the wild due to lack of food; this causes the life expectancy of captive hamsters to be greater than that of wild hamsters.[23]

Diet

As

nutritional deficiency.[23]

In addition to a commercially prepared seed mix, a balanced diet for a Campbell's dwarf hamster in captivity includes a regulated variety of fresh vegetables and fruits. Dark greens such as

dandelion and raspberry leaves, are also good sources of protein that help prevent obesity.[26]

A hamster in captivity can occasionally eat

willow, is readily used by most species in the genus.[25] Most pet stores sell nontoxic wooden chews designed for rodents in captivity.[23]

Certain food items commonly consumed by humans are toxic to hamsters and should be avoided completely in captivity. Grapes and raisins may contribute to

acidity.[29] Chocolate and other sticky foods such peanut butter may solidify in a hamster's cheek pouches and lead to infections, which can lead to death.[23]

In the wild, the diets of Campbell's dwarf hamsters vary across the population range. A total of 51 different species of plants were identified to be consumed by the

Transbaikalia population, the most common being Stipa capillata and species of Allium. However, in Tuva, only 10 species of plant were identified to be consumed by the population, the most common being Potentilla.[27] Campbell's dwarf hamster is a natural predator of burrowing worms and grubs.[23]

Breeding

In Tuva, the breeding season of Campbell's dwarf hamster begins in April, and in Mongolia, it begins in at the end of April or the beginning of May.

ranges, it ends in late September or early October.[32]
In captivity, Campbell's dwarf hamsters breed throughout the year, with no fixed breeding season, but a large number are born in the summer months. In the wild, three to four
litters are produced each year, with an average of eight offspring per litter.[27][28][32] In captivity, females can have between one and 18 litters per year, with one to nine offspring per litter.[20]
In captivity, the gestation period for Campbell's dwarf hamster is between 18 and 20 days, and the shortest gestation period recorded for a captive female was 13 days.[27][32] The male hamster is likely to assist the female during birth. The male may pull the offspring from the birth canal, clean them, or collect food for the mother and offspring.[33]

When the offspring are born, they are hairless and have a body mass of approximately 1.5 g (0.053 oz).

pinnae are closed and cannot be used. The rate at which the young develop differs depending on the distribution range. However, the differences are usually no longer than a day. In Tuva, the pinnae open on the first day of birth and are completely open after three days of development. However, in Mongolia, the same process occurs between two and four days of development. Fur first grows on the crown, back, and abdomen. The young usually have a full coat of fur after seven days of development.[32] Offspring born in captivity have a shorter development time than those born in the wild. Specifically, the growth and development of the head and body, tail, hind feet, and pinnae can be up to a day sooner than those found in the wild. After 28 days of development in captivity, the young are already around half the mass of their parents.[17]

In captivity, females become

gestation period, around four to five days.[8]

Hybrids

In captivity, only Campbell's dwarf hamsters and Djungarian hamsters are able to interbreed and produce live offspring or hybrids. Although hybrids make suitable pets, the breeding of hybrids and

congenital problems.[25][34]

The two species of Phodopus hamsters (P. sungorus and P. campbelli) have the same number of

embryonic death.[35][36][37]

Distribution and habitat

Campbell's dwarf hamsters inhabit

Roborovski hamster, and the long-tailed dwarf hamster. The diets of the three types of hamsters are different to avoid fighting over the same type of food, which is why they live together.[30]

Campbell's dwarf hamsters may also live near areas of human civilization. In Mongolia, they may be found in

Eurasian eagle owl, the steppe eagle, the corsac fox, the common kestrel, and the saker falcon.[42][43][44][45] All distribution areas have more females than males, because males are at higher risk from predators, as they cannot move as quickly.[32]

Status and conservation

This hamster is listed as of

arid areas of distribution, the reduction in the number of water sources is also of minor concern status. These hamsters are conserved in protected areas.[1]

References

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  28. ^ a b Jordan, J. (1971). "The establishment of a colony of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) in the United Kingdom". Journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians. 22 (2): 56–60. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
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  30. ^ a b Flint, W. J.; N. Golovkin (1961). "A comparative study of hamster ecology in the Tuva area". Byulletin Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytaelei Priody Otdel Biologichskii (in Russian): 57–76.
  31. ^ Nekepilov, N. W. (1960). "The Transbaikal dwarf hamsters and some ecological peculiarities of the dwarf hamster subfamily". Isvestiya Irkutskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo. Antiplague Institute of Siberia and the Far East.
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  43. ^ Brom, I. P. (1952). "The diet of desert foxes in Transbaikalia". Isvestja Irkutskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo (in Russian). Antiplague Institute of Siberia and the Far East.
  44. ^ Lipajev, W. M.; P. P. Tarrasov (1952). "Information on the diets of birds of prey in southwestern Transbaikal". Isvestija Irkutskogo Nauchno Issedovatel'skogo. 10. Antipest Institute for Siberian & Ferned Osten.
  45. ^ Peshkov, M. G. (1957). "The diets of the Djungarian and Daurien dwarf hamsters". Ivestija Irkutskogo Issledovalel'skogo (in Russian). 23. Antirest Institute.

External links

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