Canine parvovirus
Canine parvovirus | |
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Electron micrograph of canine parvovirus
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Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Monodnaviria |
Kingdom: | Shotokuvirae |
Phylum: | Cossaviricota |
Class: | Quintoviricetes |
Order: | Piccovirales |
Family: | Parvoviridae |
Genus: | Protoparvovirus |
Species: | |
Virus: | Canine parvovirus
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Canine parvovirus (also referred to as CPV, CPV2, or parvo) is a
Signs
Dogs that develop the disease show signs of the illness within three to ten days. The signs may include
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made through detection of CPV2 in the feces by either an
Treatment
Survival rate depends on how quickly CPV is diagnosed, the age of the dog, and how aggressive the treatment is. There is no approved treatment, and the current standard of care is supportive care, involving extensive hospitalization, due to severe dehydration and potential damage to the intestines and bone marrow. A CPV test should be given as early as possible if CPV is suspected in order to begin early treatment and increase survival rate if the disease is found.
Supportive care ideally also consists of crystalloid
In addition to fluids given to achieve adequate rehydration, each time the puppy vomits or has diarrhea in a significant quantity, an equal amount of fluid is administered intravenously. The fluid requirements of a patient are determined by the animal's body weight, weight changes over time, degree of dehydration at presentation, and surface area.
A blood plasma transfusion from a donor dog that has already survived CPV is sometimes used to provide passive immunity to the sick dog. Some veterinarians keep these dogs on site, or have frozen serum available. There have been no controlled studies regarding this treatment.[6] Additionally, fresh frozen plasma and human albumin transfusions can help replace the extreme protein losses seen in severe cases and help assure adequate tissue healing. However, this is controversial with the availability of safer colloids such as Hetastarch, as it will also increase the colloid osmotic pressure without the ill effect of predisposing that canine patient to future transfusion reaction.
Once the dog can keep fluids down, the IV fluids are gradually discontinued, and very bland food slowly introduced. Oral antibiotics are administered for a number of days depending on the white blood cell count and the patient's ability to fight off secondary infection. A puppy with minimal symptoms can recover in two or three days if the IV fluids are begun as soon as symptoms are noticed and the CPV test confirms the diagnosis. If more severe, depending on treatment, puppies can remain ill from five days up to two weeks. However, even with hospitalization, there is no guarantee that the dog will be cured and survive.
Treatments in development
Kindred Biosciences, a biopharmaceutical company, is developing a monoclonal antibody as a prophylactic therapy to prevent clinical signs of parvovirus infection and also as treatment of established parvovirus infection. In 2021, Kindred Biosciences announced the completion of a pivotal efficacy study showing a 100% survival rate for dogs treated with KIND-030 compared to a 41% survival rate for dogs treated with placebo.[7]
Preliminary research in kidney cell lines have identified nitazoxanide, closantel sodium, and closantel as drugs which have the most potential as broad-spectrum antiviral agents against canine parvovirus and its various subspecies, raising the prospect these drugs may yield potential for future treatments of this disease.[8][9]
In May 2023, the USDA granted Elanco Animal Health conditional approval to develop a Canine Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody (CPMA) which targets the virus instead of its symptoms. Initial distribution of CPMA to veterinarians began in July 2023.[10]
History
Parvovirus CPV2 is a relatively new disease that appeared in the late 1970s. It was first recognized in 1978 and spread worldwide in one to two years.
Variants
There are two types of canine
The variants of CPV-2 are defined by surface protein (VP capsid) features. This classification does not correlate well with phylogenies built from other parts of the viral genome, such as the NS1 protein.[22]
Intestinal form
Dogs become infected through oral contact with CPV2 in feces, infected soil, or
Cardiac form
This form is less common and affects puppies infected in the uterus or shortly after birth until about 8 weeks of age.
Even less frequently, the disease may also lead to a generalized infection in neonates and cause
Infection of the fetus
This type of infection can occur when a pregnant female dog is infected with CPV2. The adult may develop immunity with little or no clinical signs of disease. The virus may have already crossed the placenta to infect the fetus. This can lead to several abnormalities. In mild to moderate cases the pups can be born with neurological abnormalities such as cerebellar hypoplasia.[25]
Virology
CPV2 is a non-
CPV2 affects dogs,
Previously it has been thought that the virus does not undergo cross species infection. However studies in Vietnam have shown that CPV2 can undergo minor antigenic shift and natural mutation to infect felids. Analyses of feline parvovirus (FPV) isolates in Vietnam and Taiwan revealed that more than 80% of the isolates were of the canine parvovirus type, rather than feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV).[31] CPV2 may spread to cats easier than dogs and undergo faster rates of mutation within that species.
Prevention and decontamination
Prevention is the only way to ensure that a puppy or dog remains healthy because the disease is extremely
Puppies are generally vaccinated in a series of doses, extending from the earliest time that the immunity derived from the mother wears off until after that passive immunity is definitely gone.[32] Older puppies (16 weeks or older) are given 3 vaccinations 3 to 4 weeks apart.[21] The duration of immunity of vaccines for CPV2 has been tested for all major vaccine manufacturers in the United States and has been found to be at least three years after the initial puppy series and a booster 1 year later.[33]
A dog that successfully recovers from CPV2 generally remains contagious for up to three weeks, but it is possible it may remain contagious for up to six. Ongoing infection risk is primarily from fecal contamination of the environment due to the virus's ability to survive many months in the environment. Neighbours and family members with dogs should be notified of infected animals so that they can ensure that their dogs are vaccinated or tested for immunity. A modified live vaccine may confer protection in 3 to 5 days; the contagious individual should remain in quarantine until other animals are protected.[34]
See also
- Parvovirus
References
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- ^ a b Silverstein, Deborah C. (2003). Intensive Care Treatment of Severe Parvovirus Enteritis. International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium 2003.
- ^ a b c d e Jones, T.C.; Hunt, R.D.; King, W. (1997). Veterinary Pathology. Blackwell Publishing.
- ^ a b Macintire, Douglass K. (2008). "Treatment of Severe Parvoviral Enteritis". Proceedings of the CVC Veterinary Conference, Kansas City. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
- ^ "Kindred Biosciences Announces Positive Results from Pivotal Efficacy Study of Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody for the Prevention of Deaths in Dogs Infected by Parvovirus". prnewswire.com. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
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- ^ Schatzberg, S.J.; N.J. Haley; S.C. Bar; A. deLahunta; J.N. Kornegay; N.J.H. Sharp (2002). Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification Of Parvoviral DNA From The Brains Of Dogs And Cats With Cerebellar Hypoplasia. ACVIM 2002. Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY; College of Vet Med, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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