Castro Verde
Castro Verde | |
---|---|
UTC±00:00 (WET) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |
Postal code | 7780 |
Area code | 286 |
Patron | São Pedro |
Website | http://www.cm-castroverde.pt |
Castro Verde (Portuguese pronunciation:
History
The pre-History of the
The first evidence of early cultures in the area of Castro Verde was the discovery of the '
The name origin of Castro Verde dates back to this early period, with two interpretations cited for its name. One postulates that the name was derived from the Roman Castra Castrorum and combined the verde (meaning "green") to indicate new.[3] A more consistent interpretation is that the name was derived from Castrum Veteris, meaning the oldest castro, to differentiate it from another castro that existed on a small plateau (where the Chapel of São Martinho exists) and was abandoned during the Middle Ages.[3] The term castro derived from the Latin castrum refers to a small military encampment or fortification, built of large rocks.[3]
Roman occupation spanned four centuries and was followed by the migration of the
The region of Castro Verde passed into the possession of the priory of the
Although the
In the middle of the 19th century, the surrounding municipal districts were reorganized and Castro Verde was formalized within its current boundaries: it had received its town charter (
Geography
Physical geography
The Castro Verde area is made up of extensive areas of rolling hills, geomorphological structures referred to as a peneplains, which vary in altitude from 300 to 900 ft (100–300 m.) above sea level. The area has planar relief, with a medium altitude of approximately 200 metres; the lowest point is about 110 metres, in the civil parish of São Marcos da Atabueira, near the Ribeira de Cobres (in northeast frontier with the municipality of Beja). The highest point, at 299 metres, is located at a geodesic marker (Urza) on the Cerro da Bandeira, within the civil parish of Castro Verde. Slopes in this area are between 0-2% grade, although pronounced (15%) along the ravines of Cobres and Maria Delgada, and the vicinity of Ribeira de Oeiras (near the border with Almodôvar). In addition to these rivers, the municipality is crossed by other ribeiras (English: ravines or rivers): Ribeira de Alvacar, Ribeira da Fontinha, Ribeira de Terges, Ribeira da Chada, Ribeira da Sete and Ribeira da Gata.
The soils within the municipality are considered poor, having a reduced capacity to support agriculture, and thus limiting its productive use historically. The subsoils are made-up of essentially granular schists, greywacke, sandstone, and in some areas quartzite, as well as rare volcanic metamorphic particulates with reduced permeability. Further, the municipality of Castro Verde is crossed by the Iberian Pyrite Belt, composed of a massive volcanogenic sulfide deposit (VMS) associated with the polymetallic flanks of volcanic cones in the form of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and cassiterite, that begins in Aljustrel, spreads through the lower Alentejo and extends into southern Spain.[5] At a time when Portugal was separated by the sea from the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, a series of events connected to active and hydrothermal volcanism, lead to the formation of the volcano-sedimentary Pyrite complex (when the landmass of Portugal collided into the Iberian peninsula). Castro Verde lies on one of the most important extractive deposits in Europe, that is responsible for sustaining the economy of the region, albeit an area with elevated risk of erosion. Mining activity, as a consequence, dates back thousands of years, with the remains of Roman mining structures identifying the importance of this area to the expansion of Roman metallurgy. In addition to sulfide ore, this southern area of Lusitania, was an abundant source of other minerals, such as gold, silver, copper, tin, lead and iron.
Ecoregions/protected areas
A large part of the municipality is covered by the European Union's Natura 2000 project; it is denoted as a Special Protection Area (SPA) for endangered species of steppe birds such as the great bustard and lesser kestrel.[6]
Climate
Castro Verde has a
Climate data for Beja , Portugal, 1981-2010 normals and extremes, 1984–2020 precipitation
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22.0 (71.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
29.0 (84.2) |
33.0 (91.4) |
38.2 (100.8) |
44.1 (111.4) |
44.6 (112.3) |
45.7 (114.3) |
41.7 (107.1) |
35.8 (96.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
45.7 (114.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
29.9 (85.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
29.3 (84.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
16.7 (62.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
6.9 (44.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
15.9 (60.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
10.2 (50.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51.8 (2.04) |
45.7 (1.80) |
45.6 (1.80) |
51.0 (2.01) |
29.5 (1.16) |
5.7 (0.22) |
1.7 (0.07) |
3.3 (0.13) |
24.3 (0.96) |
56.8 (2.24) |
77.6 (3.06) |
73.4 (2.89) |
466.4 (18.38) |
Source 1: IPMA[7]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Portuguese Environment Agency (precipitation)[8] |
Human geography
Castro Verde Municipality is situated within an area commonly known as "Campo Branco", within the plains of the Alentejo that front the Serra do Caldeirão.[9] It is located in the district of Beja, and limited to the north by the municipalities of Beja and Aljustrel, south by the municipality of Almodôvar, east by the municipality of Mértola and west by the municipality of Ourique. Over the past few decades, the population has generally concentrated in the larger urban communities. In 1970, the population of the municipality was 9004 inhabitants, decreasing to 7472 by 1981. Ten years later, it had grown slowly to 7786 residents, although the recent census (2001) indicated a small decrease (fixed at 7603 inhabitants). The literacy rates are relatively high, although 15.7% are considered illiterate.[10] This is accentuated by 70% of the resident population having attained only a primary school level of education.[10]
Parishes
More than 50% of these residents live in the town of Castro Verde (4820 residents); the remaining towns account for the rest: Casével, 365 inhabitants; Entradas, 774 inhabitants; Santa Bárbara dos Padrões, 1271 inhabitants; and São Marcos da Atabueira, 373 inhabitants. With an area 567.2 km2, these communities are scattered in various medium to small localities divided into four civil parishes (Portuguese:
Economy
Population growth has primarily been the result developments with the mining industry, and in particular the Neves-Corvo mining complex. Its activities, and related services, civil construction and public works have seen reciprocal growth in municipal services and population. There has also been a parallel growth in mining jobs related to this development, since 1979.
There is a hierarchical distribution of the active workforce: 11.12% are employed in the primary sector, 32.7% in secondary industries, while a majority (56.18%) are employed in tertiary services.[12] This distribution is generally maintained in all communities in the municipality, except Santa Bárbara dos Padrões, where the Neves-Corvo mine is the main employer, and Entradas, where some agriculture and ranching occur.
Transport
Castro Verde is located in a privileged location along a corridor that connects the northern districts to the Algarve, and fundamental access to communication lines:
The airports in Faro (100 km), Lisbon (190 km) and Sevilha (270 km) and the maritime port of Sines (95 km) are conveniently located to access other major centres.
Connections to other locations within the country are made through the road network: to the Litoral Alentejo through Ourique (E.N. 123); to the coastal Algarve (along the A2 and I.C.1); to Lisbon via the A2; to Mértola (on the E.N. 123); to Almodôvar (along the E.N.2); and to Beja and Évora (on the I.P.2).
Within the municipality, public transport connects all localities by at least one service (except on the weekends), and a national Express service connects Castro Verde communities to stations in Beja, Évora, Lisbon and Algarve, in addition to Tomar, Coimbra, Porto, Braga and Elvas.
Architecture
Civic
- Commemorative Pillory of the Battle of Ourique (Padrão comemorativo da Batalha de Ourique), originally erected along the northern side the Chapel of São Pedro in 1785, this marker was moved to the site of the municipal council hall around 1960.[13] It had, around 9 May 1792, been modified to include a medallion with the image of Queen Maria II, whose bust was affixed under the words "...of the glorious apparition of Christ Our Father to our first monarch D. Afonso Henriques".[13] During a hurricane, on the evening of the 7–8 December 1803, the monument was damaged at its narrowest point, but reconstructed. It was moved to the civic square in 1960, after being ruined by a lightning strike, wherein only the original staircase, base and the medallion survived the incident;[13]
- Source of Miracle of Saint Michael (Fonte de Milagre de São Miguel), is a temple enclosing a water well, located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) outside of Castro Verde is situated on the property Herdade do Mourão and dates from 1714, having been built during the same period as the Chapel of São Miguel. The chapel is situated nearby on higher ground, but both were originally constructed over pre-existing structures of unconfirmed dates. In 1982, historian Abílio Pereira de Carvalho, appointed by his regent in Lisbon to research local history (and teach at the local high school), discovered more than 230 manuscripts under the main altar of the Basilica Real of Castro Verde. His study of the manuscripts revealed information relating the history of the Fonte de Milagre and Chapel of São Miguel, leading him to write a 174-page book, all of which relate to the two sites and the healing activities carried out there for centuries. Published in 1989, by the municipal authority of Castro Verde, the factual material found in the manuscripts details the connection between the two locales and the healing properties of the 'Fonte' (noting regular visits by pilgrims from around the IGESPARas a Property of Public Interest; and in 2008, the Associação de S. Miguel para Medicina Bio-Energética was formed as a non-profit organisation to research the viability of reestablishing treatment protocols at the 'Fonte de Milagre' since it continues as a powerful area of therapeutic action. The site of the temple and water well has been in a phase recovery since 2009.
Religious
- Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Sebastian (1568–1578).[15] Consisting of a central nave, lateral sacristies and two bell towers,[16] one with a clock.[17] Its interior walls are covered in panels of azulejo representing the Battle of Ourique and its ceiling is composed of polychromatic wood, with gold-leaf altars in the Baroque- and Joanino-styles.[15][18]
- Church of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (Igreja Igreja das Chagas do Salvador/Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios), also referred to as the Church of Our Lord's Stimgmata, is dedicated to Our Lady of Medicine and founded by Jesus Christ appeared to Afonso Henriques, in the vicinity of São Pedro das Cabeças, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Castro Verde. The single-nave church includes several azulejos depicting flowers, birds and windmills, that were created in the Netherlands.[19]
- Chapel of São Miguel (English: Chapel of Saint Michael) – Constructed between 1715 and 1728, on the orders of King João V, over the ruins an older church, the construction was remodeled on similar orders of Queen Maria I of Portugal(1760–1779) with a revised interior of azulejos from Lisbon.
- Chapel of São Sebastião (Ermida de São Sebastião), the simple, single-nave hermitage was also part of the "late", 17th century Manueline tradition of pilgrimage chapels (the chapel is the focus of annual celebrations on the feast day of Saint Sebastian, held on 20 January each year), recognizable for the painted vaulted retable;[20]
- Chapel of São Pedro das Cabeças (Ermida de São Pedro das Cabeça), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Geraldos, the 15th-century temple is a rural sanctuary, and devotional site for pilgrims: it is located on the plain that was part of the mythical Battle of Ourique, where Afonso Henriques triumphed over five Moorish Kings. The chapel is located at the high point along the plain, and was ordered constructed by King Sebastian, to pay homage to the first King of Portugal and his historical victory.[21]
Notable citizens
- Luis Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal during the 1908 Lisbon Regicide.
- Rogério Contreiras (1922–1990) a former football goalkeeper with a three-year spell at Benfica
- Frederico Rosa (1957–2019) a professional footballer with 397 club caps
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística
- ^ "Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Câmara Municipal, ed. (2007), Património Histórico (in Portuguese), Castro Verde, Portugal: Câmara Municipal de Castro Verde, archived from the original on 5 November 2012, retrieved 8 February 2013
- ^ The other centres pertain to other municipalities: Santa Bárbara de Padrões belongs to the municipality of Padrões and São Marcos da Atabueira pertains to Mértola.
- ^ D. Mellado, et al. (2006)
- ^ Nuno Sarmento, 2000
- ^ IPMA. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ "Castro Verde (27I/01G)". APA. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ Agro.Ges, 2005, p.7
- ^ a b I.S.S. I.P – CDSS Beja, ed, 2008, p.4
- ^ Diário da República. "Law nr. 11-A/2013, page 552 30" (pdf) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ I.S.S. I.P – CDSS Beja, ed, 2008, p.3
- ^ a b c Falcão, José; Pereira, Ricardo (1996), SIPA (ed.), Padrão comemorativo da Batalha de Ourique (PT040206020021) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 9 August 2014, retrieved 7 February 2012
- ^ Abílio Pereira de Carvalho "História de Uma Confraria (1677–1855)" (1989), Edição da Câmara Municipal de Castro Verde (1989),pgs. 15-16
- ^ a b Mendonça, Isabel (1994), SIPA (ed.), Igreja Matriz de Castro Verde/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição/Basílica Real de Castro Verde (PT040206020006) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 23 October 2014, retrieved 7 February 2012
- ^ The church received its first bells in 1731, although those in the towers are dated 1780; 1795; 1796 e 1887.
- ^ In 1784, from the church's accounts, the clock was installed in the right-lateral tower by Deodactus Lombinom.
- ^ King John was responsible for providing many silver and gold reliquaries extracted from Brazil and installed in the four-altars in the church
- ^ a b c Mendonça, Isabel (1994), SIPA (ed.), Igreja das Chagas do Salvador / Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (PT040206020002) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 5 March 2016, retrieved 7 February 2012
- ^ Figueiredo, Paula (2001), SIPA (ed.), Ermida de São Sebastião (PT040206020010) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 5 March 2016, retrieved 7 February 2012
- ^ Falcão, José; Pereira, Ricardo (1996), SIPA (ed.), Ermida de São Pedro das Cabeças (PT040206020012) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 5 March 2016, retrieved 7 February 2012
Sources
- Boiça, Joaquim; Mateus, Rui. História e histórias-Castro Verde [History and Stories of Castro Verde]. Castro Verde, Portugal: Artinvento; Região de Turismo da Planicie Dourada; Câmara Municipal de Castro Verde. ISBN 978-972-97418-9-0.
- Page, Martin (2002). The First Global Village, How Portugal Changed the World. Lisbon, Portugal: Casa das Letras. ISBN 978-972-46-1313-0.
- Sarmento, Nuno (2000). Ecoturismo em Castro Verde: O Projecto da LPN (Liga para a Protecção da Natureza [Ecoturism in Castro Verde: The LPN (League for Protection of Nature) Project)]. Lisbon, Portugal: Liga para a Protecção da Natureza.
- I.S.S. I.P. – CDSS Beja, ed. (2008). "Indicadores Socias: Castro Verde" (PDF). Beja, Portugal: Sector de Recursos Humanos, Planeamento e Gestão de Informação.
- Mellado, D. (2006). "Geología y estructura de la Mina de Río Tinto (Faja Pirítica Ibérica, España)" [Geology and Structure of the Rio Tnto Mine (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Spain)] (PDF). Geogaceta. 60: 231–234. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-13. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- Agro.Ges, ed. (November 2005), Evaluation des Mesures Agro-Environnementales [The Evaluation of Agro-Environmental Measures] (PDF), Lisbon, Portugal: Agro.GesSociedade de Estudos e Projectos, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-29