Christian politics in New Zealand
This article discusses Christian politics in New Zealand.
The monarch of New Zealand, who is New Zealand's head of state, is also the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. But the country itself, unlike the United Kingdom, has no official or established religion, and freedom of religion has been protected since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.[1][2] As of the 2018 census, 37% of New Zealanders were affiliated with a Christian religion of some denomination, compared with 48% who had no religion, 9% who followed another religion, and 7% who objected to answering.[3][4] There are a range of views on the extent to which Christianity affects New Zealand politics.
During the nineteenth century, many church-oriented bodies sponsored and fostered several of the original European settlement-ventures in the period 1840–1850, notably the settlements of Otago (1848, Free Church of Scotland) and Canterbury (1850, Church of England) – and many evangelicals, fundamentalists and conservative Catholics see Christianity as underlying New Zealand's entire political system.
On the other hand, a notable politician of the late 19th century, Sir Robert Stout, had a considerable reputation as a freethinker and many dismiss the effects of Christianity, saying that New Zealand society has always had a largely secular character.
Christianity has never had an explicit role in the major contemporary[update] political parties, and the religious elements in these parties have taken varying forms, and cannot easily be classified as a single movement.
Māori Christianity, particularly the Rātana movement has often been of importance, with an historic alliance between it and the Labour Party signed in 1936, and many other parties now vying for their support,[5] but this is generally regarded as a political rather than religious matter.
In the 1990s a series of Christian political parties such as
Before the 1970s: debates over prohibition and capital punishment
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in New Zealand |
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Before the establishment of major specifically Christian parties in the 1970s,
Christianity within mainstream political parties
Neither the Labour Party nor the National Party, the two traditional dominant mainstream political parties in New Zealand since the 1930s, represent explicitly religious traditions. Nevertheless, both parties have occasionally contained people who saw their political mission in religious terms. A number of early politicians, both in Labour and in National, saw their respective political ideologies as an extension of "Christian values".
In the early Labour Party a significant sub-set of the party promoted what one might call "
A number of early Labour politicians had Christian backgrounds. One of the first leaders of the Labour Party, HE Holland (1919–1933), had been a street preacher with the Salvation Army in Australia prior to his migration to New Zealand.[8] Savage's successor, Peter Fraser (1940–49), reflected in his personal life on the lasting impact of his Scottish Presbyterian upbringing, and the next leader, Walter Nash, was "an avowed Christian strongly committed to the Anglican Church."[9] Subsequent Labour Party leaders also had church backgrounds. Arnold Nordmeyer, the leader of the Labour Party in opposition from 1963 to 1965, was an ordained Presbyterian minister.[10] David Lange, (Prime Minister 1984–1989) was Methodist,[11] while Norman Kirk (Prime Minister 1972–74) was raised by devout members of The Salvation Army.[12]
Such church connections are also present in the National Party. For example, Keith Holyoake (Prime Minister 1957, 1960–72), was "brought up in a strict Open Brethren environment", and in later years was an irregular attender of the Presbyterian church.[13] John Marshall (deputy Prime Minister 1957, 1960–72; Prime Minister 1972) was active in the Presbyterian church,[14] while Robert Muldoon (Prime Minister 1975–84) was raised as a Baptist and continued as a church member until he married and became an Anglican like his wife Thea.[15]
The National Party, the ostensibly more socially conservative of the two "major" traditional parties, apparently received increasing proportional support from religiously identifiable voters between 2002 and 2005.[16][17]
Also, the Rātana movement has some influence in New Zealand politics (see Māori Christianity, below).
In recent times[update], however, religion has not usually formed a major component of either Labour or National platforms - and three of the last four prime ministers have described themselves as agnostic.
Evangelical political activism: anti-abortion activism in the 1970s
Beginning in the 1970s a significant increase in
Liberal Protestant activism: 1981–2001
Mainline Protestant churches became involved with ending sporting contacts with South Africa during the
Evangelical political activism: 1980s: moral activism
By the early 1980s, the Christian evangelical revival of the 1960s had developed into a social movement that utilised community and political action in response to "moral" issues.
In March 1985, Labour's
Like their American counterparts, conservative evangelical movements in New Zealand also tended to be strongly
The CCC and another evangelical advocacy group the Concerned Parents Association (CPA) also criticised the introduction of Māori
During the 1987 general election, conservative Christian elements including the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (SPUC), Women for Life and the Coalition of Concerned Citizens tried to infiltrate the National Party by running conservative Christian individuals as candidates. Conservative Christian groups and periodicals like the Coalition Courier and Challenge Weekly also attacked the Labour government's policies towards peace education, sex education, abortion, and Māori biculturalism. However, they met little success in this effort[35] and the National Party leadership responded by quietly centralizing its candidate selection procedures.[36][37] Increased evangelical political activism did, however, set the stage for the emergence of several evangelical Christian political parties during the next twenty-five years (see below).[38]
Evangelical parties
A number of New Zealand evangelical Christian political parties emerged in recent[update] times:
- Christian Heritage Party(1989–2006)
- Christian Democrat Party (1995–1998)
- Destiny New Zealand (2007–10)
- Family Party (2007–10)
- Vision New Zealand (2019–) (initially to be Coalition NZ)[39]
Before the Christian Coalition
Many members of the
The Christian Heritage Party formed in 1989. The driving force behind its creation, Bill van Rij, had had previous involvement in the Coalition of Concerned Citizens. Van Rij took direct inspiration from the Christian Heritage Party of Canada, and believed that a similar party could have success in New Zealand. In January 1988, van Rij and several friends established a steering committee for a new political party based on the Canadian model. In February, a meeting in Christchurch confirmed the plan, and John Allen, a former National Party candidate, became de facto interim leader. By 20 July 1989, a sufficient number of people had gathered for the party to launch officially. The party took a strict biblical line, and strongly condemned things such as abortion, pornography, and the perceived erosion of marriage and the family. Shortly after the party's official launch, the Reverend Graham Capill gained appointment as leader, a position he would hold for the next fourteen years.
Religious conservatives gave a mixed reaction to the formation of the Christian Heritage Party. Some groups, such as
One controversial issue associated with the Christian Heritage Party centred on the party's rigidly "confessional" nature. Under this policy, all members of the party had to declare themselves as Christians. The Christian Heritage Party saw this requirement as only natural, and as a guarantee of the party's ideological purity. Other Christian activists, however, particularly those with more moderate views, believed that confessionalism unnecessarily restricted the support base of the party. Instead, they advocated a party "based on Christian values", rather than a "Christians only" party. The non-confessionalists claimed that anyone, even if not followers of the Christian religion, could see the benefits of Christian values to society.
As for the Christian Democrats, they had a relatively broader base. In New Zealand, the
Graeme Lee, the National MP, opposed confessionalism, believing that a party which followed this doctrine would never gain sufficient support. For this reason, among others, Lee, when invited, refused to join the new Christian Heritage Party. Lee had disliked the idea of having a separate Christian or Christian-based party at all, believing that remaining with National could prove more effective. In 1993, however, Lee had fallen out with the National Party's leadership, mainly due to losing his ministerial role in a Cabinet reshuffle. Lee's demotion, combined with his belief that National had started to become gradually more and more liberal, had prompted him to plan a departure. At this point Christian Heritage contacted Lee and invited him to join the party. According to some accounts, Lee actually received an offer of leadership.
The negotiations between Lee and Christian Heritage eventually broke down, however. The issue of confessionalism, which Lee continued to oppose, remained a major sticking-point. Lee eventually pulled out of the talks, and in 1994, established his own group, known as the United Progressive Party. The prospect of two competing Christian parties alarmed many Christian conservative activists, and repeated attempts took place to get the two sides talking once again, but the issue of confessionalism (as well as several other policy differences that had emerged) made this difficult. In November, however, talks re-opened, partly at the urging of Bill van Rij.
It seemed obvious to both sides that co-operation would bring mutual benefits — Lee had the advantage of a current Parliamentary seat, while the Christian Heritage Party had the advantage of superior organisation and a "grass-roots" network. Policy-issues once again proved difficult, but on 20 December 1994 a proposed agreement finally emerged. The proposal, which needed ratification by both Christian Heritage and the United Progressives, would have seen both parties dissolved, with a new united, non-confessional party set up in their place. Lee reportedly endorsed the plan, and believed that it would succeed. Graham Capill, of Christian Heritage, showed less enthusiasm. Later, a Christian Heritage Party convention rejected the proposal, although it did offer an alliance which would have seen the parties contest the election together. Lee, deeply disappointed at the rejection, refused the alliance. Van Rij also expressed disappointment with the decision.
On 17 May 1995, Lee re-launched his party, calling it the Christian Democrat Party. (The Christian Heritage Party complained to the Electoral Commission that the name too closely resembled their own, but the commission rejected thiscomplaint.). The launch of the party generated considerable attention in the media. Lee also received considerable publicity for his attacks on the "Death with Dignity" bill, an attempt by dissident National MP Michael Laws to legalise euthanasia.
The Christian Coalition
Occasional attempts at talks between Christian Heritage and the Christian Democrats continued during the early part of 1995, but these proved generally ineffectual. Towards the end of 1995, however, pressure for a united front began to increase substantially. Bill van Rij became particularly prominent in this effort, as did a number of Christian associations which threatened to withhold their endorsement.[citation needed] At the instigation of Murray Smith, an Executive Member with Christian Democrats, more talks took place, and eventually decided an alliance possible, with everything split exactly equally between the two parties. The joint party list would alternate between the Christian Democrats and Christian Heritage, beginning with Lee (as a sitting MP) in first place and Capill in second. While the two parties would campaign together, they would function separately in Parliament.
The new Christian Coalition launched on 29 March 1996. It received considerable public attention, and prospered in opinion-polls. The coalition issued its manifesto in September, though — due to an inability to resolve certain differences between the two parties — the manifesto lacked a degree of detail. The Christian Heritage Party expressed a certain amount of dissatisfaction over the manifesto, which it considered "too moderate". Lee and the Christian Democrats, however, strongly believed moderation crucial to electoral success, and that Christian Heritage's more extreme policies would alienate many voters. Even with Lee's attempt at moderation, however, the party's more controversial views tended to receive the most media attention, and many criticised the coalition as "extremist".
In the
In May 1997, the Christian Coalition dissolved, and its constituent parties went their separate ways. Shortly afterwards, Bill van Rij left Christian Heritage and joined the Christian Democrats, blaming Capill for the collapse of the Coalition. A number of other senior Christian Heritage members, led by a former Deputy Leader, Geoff Hounsell, also resigned; and the party expelled others. Ex-members joined the Christian Democrats following an unsuccessful attempt to have Christian Heritage agree to a merger with Christian Democrats.
After the Christian Coalition
Christian Heritage
The Christian Heritage Party remained somewhat bitter about the collapse of the Christian Coalition.[citation needed] While considerable tension had existed between Christian Heritage and the Christian Democrats, Graham Capill apparently believed a resolution possible. After the Christian Democrats left, however, Christian Heritage re-affirmed all its traditional policies, including those that had seemed too extreme for the Coalition.[citation needed]
Christian Heritage stood Ewen McQueen as its candidate in the 1998 Taranaki-King Country byelection. McQueen out-polled candidates for the larger New Zealand First and Green parties.[citation needed]
Six months before the 1999 general election, Frank Grover, leader of the Liberal Party, a component of the Alliance, defected to Christian Heritage, giving it one seat in Parliament. Grover had won election as an Alliance list MP in 1996. High-profile broadcaster Philip Sherry also joined the party in 1999 and stood in the number 2 position on the party list. Christian Heritage gained 2.4% of the vote in the 1999 election, well short of the threshold for entering Parliament, although enough to make it easily the largest party outside parliament.[citation needed]
In the 2002 general election, Australian political consultant David Elliot, a prominent campaigner against republicanism in Australia, became the campaign manager for Christian Heritage. A strategy developed of focusing on a single electorate, Wairarapa, whereby Christian Heritage could gain entry to parliament and bypass the 5% requirement. However, the result proved disappointing – the party gained only 1.4% of the vote, and its Wairarapa candidate, deputy leader Merepeka Raukawa-Tait, came third. Christian Heritage's support defected to United Future New Zealand, a merger of Future New Zealand (a successor to the Christian Democrats) and Peter Dunne's United New Zealand, which had occurred in 2000.[citation needed]
In 2003, Capill stepped down as party leader and Ewen McQueen succeeded him. The party renamed itself Christian Heritage New Zealand (CHNZ).[citation needed]
In 2005 a court convicted former leader Capill for the repeated rape and sexual violation of a girl aged eight, and jailed him for nine years.[40] The new Christian Heritage leadership condemned Capill's conduct.[41]
On 3 October 2006, ex-CHNZ Leader Ewen McQueen announced that Christian Heritage would disband[42] to allow "new things to arise in Christian politics in New Zealand". Former Christian Heritage Leader, Ewen McQueen announced that the hypothetical new party would "make a strong and clear stand for the importance of family life, the primacy of marriage and the sanctity of human life." McQueen later joined the New Zealand National Party and unsuccessfully stood for the nomination for the Epsom electorate in 2011.[43]
As of 2007[update] debate continued over whether Christian Heritage ever amounted to anything more than a "
By contrast,
Christian Democrats, Future NZ, and the Kiwi Party
The Christian Democrats, by contrast, took a considerably different path. Not long after the Christian Coalition fell apart, Graeme Lee announced that he would step down as leader of the party. He had contemplated retiring for some time, and had already determined that if the Coalition failed he would make his exit from politics. For some considerable period of time the party remained with Lee as temporary leader, as no satisfactory new candidate had emerged. Eventually
Future New Zealand contested the 1999 general election but gained only 1.1% of the party vote. The party considered becoming an apolitical
In the 2005 general election, United Future's support slump to 2.67%, leaving it with only three MPs. The precise reasons for this remain difficult to identify, but it appears that many former Christian supporters of United Future cast their votes for the National Party in the 2005 election.[citation needed]
In 2006–2007, Peter Dunne decided to vote in favour of a bill banning parental
In the event, the 2008 general election was a disappointment for the Kiwi Party. They polled 11,658 votes in total, only 0.54% of the total party votes cast for all New Zealand political parties, and far short of the five-percent threshold required for list-only electoral representation. It even polled behind the avowedly satirical Bill and Ben Party.[citation needed]
On 14 October 2011 the Kiwi Party announced that it would not be standing any candidates in the 2011 general election, and that several members had joined the Conservative Party and would be standing for it. On 8 February 2012 the Kiwi Party was de-registered as a political party under the Electoral Act 1993, at its own request and was disbanded.[citation needed]
Destiny New Zealand (2005–2007) and the Family Party (2007–2010)
In 2003 another Christian party was formed in New Zealand: Destiny New Zealand, based on the evangelical Destiny Church pastored by controversial figure Brian Tamaki. Bishop Tamaki claimed that Destiny would rule New Zealand by 2008, but in the 2005 general election the party only polled 0.6%, far short of the support required to enter Parliament. This was also far short of the over 2% support managed by the Christian Heritage Party in 1993 and 1999.
In April 2007, Brian Tamaki and Samoan-born evangelical Christian and independent former Labour Party MP for Māngere Taito Phillip Field held talks about a possible rapprochement between Destiny New Zealand and Field's fledgling "Pacific Party".[44] However, Field was under police investigation for allegedly questionable financial dealings.
On 18 September 2007, Destiny New Zealand announced that it would de-register itself under the terms of the Electoral Act 1993 to allow the formation of a new composite evangelical/fundamentalist political party. This would have become an amalgam of Destiny New Zealand,
Richard Lewis and Paul Adams became co-leaders of the
The New Zealand Pacific Party polled only 8640 (0.37 percent) of the total party votes cast, and did not win another anchoring constituency seat, it lacked representation in the 49th New Zealand Parliament. In September 2011, Taito Philip Field was found guilty of bribery and corruption charges and sentenced to six years imprisonment.[47][48]
New Conservative Party (2011– )
The Conservative Party was founded in 2011 by property manager Colin Craig. Although it is not a religious or Christian party, it retains some Christian input. However, party CEO and Epsom candidate Christine Rankin is a Buddhist.[49] The Conservative Party polled 2.65% of the vote in 2011. The party had a stronger showing in 2014, polling 3.97%.[50]
In mid-2015, the Conservative Party imploded after the party's founder and main backer Colin Craig resigned following allegations of an inappropriate relationship towards his former press secretary Rachel MacGregor. The scandal led to the resignation of the party's entire board and caused the Conservatives' poll rankings to drop to 0.3% in the Newshub–Reid Research survey in September 2017.[51] The scandal was complicated by infighting within the party between Craig and rival John Stringer and an exchange of lawsuits between Craig, fellow party member John Stringer, New Zealand Taxpayers' Union executive director Jordan Williams, and the right wing blogger Cameron Slater.[52][53][54][55] Following the resignation of Craig, Leighton Baker was elected as the Conservative Party's new leader in September 2015.[56]
During the 2017 general election, the Conservatives fielded 27 electoral candidates and 12 party list candidates. Despite the loss of Craig's financial resources, the party managed to rebuild some of its membership. Due to the party's low poll ratings, the Conservatives did not make the cut for the minor parties' debate and were only allocated $52,000 in broadcasting by the New Zealand Electoral Commission.[51] The Conservatives performed poorly during the 2017 election, gaining only 0.2% of the party vote (6,253) and failing to win a seat in Parliament.[57]
In November 2017, the Conservatives revamped themselves as the
At the
At the New Zealand General Election 2023, the New Conservative Party was led by Houghton alone and fielded ten candidates [67] The party secured 4544 votes, 0.15 percent of all votes cast at that election [68] This was the party's worst electoral result, although it had competition from several other political parties that pursued the same constituency, such as New Zeal and Freedoms New Zealand.
Former party leader Leighton Baker created his own political vehicle, the Leighton Baker Party, which had three candidates on its party list. His party this polled 2629 votes in all, 0.08 percent of the total votes cast at the New Zealand general election in 2023 [69]
Vision New Zealand (2019– )/ Freedoms New Zealand (2022- )
In 2019, a new Christian party called
On 17 October 2020, the Vision New Zealand Party secured 2,775 votes at the
The Tamakis also founded The Freedoms & Rights Coalition in 2021 to oppose to COVID mandates,[71] as well as actively participating in the 2022 Wellington protest.[72] They have also attempted to form a political coalition, Freedoms NZ, with other like-minded parties.[73][74][75] Freedoms New Zealand applied for party registration in November 2022 and was registered in February 2023.[76] The party consisted of Hannah Tamaki's Vision New Zealand, the New Zealand Outdoors and Freedom Party and Rock the Vote.
As matters turned out at the New Zealand general election 2023, the Freedoms New Zealand coalition stood 35 candidates. It secured 9573 votes, 0.33 percent of total New Zealand votes cast [69] Following this result, Brian Tamaki condemned New Zealand and conservative Christian voters as 'gutless', given that they had rejected his party at the polls [77]
ONE Party (2020–23)/ New Zeal Party (2023- )
In June 2020, another Christian party called
At the 2020 election, the ONE Party received 6,470 party votes, or 0.3% of the total party votes, short of the five percent threshold for
NZ Loyal (2023- )
Although primarily oriented toward
Māori Christianity
The first significant specifically Christian political party activity in New Zealand came at the behest of the Rātana movement. The Rātana Church, established by Māori spiritual leader Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana in 1925, gained particularly strong support from Māori of lower socio-economic status. The Rātana movement actively participated in the world of politics, and the first Rātana Member of Parliament gained election in a 1932 by-election.
In Parliament, the Rātana movement co-operated closely with the Labour Party, the rising force in New Zealand politics in the 1930s. In the 1935 elections, Rātana won two of the four of the Māori seats, and shortly afterwards, allied itself with the Labour Party, which had won the election. The Labour Party and the Rātana movement have remained closely allied since this point, although the alliance has grown strained at times, and both National and the Māori Party also vie for their support.[86]
Piri Wiri Tua Movement
In recent[update] years at least one independent attempt has occurred to bring the Rātana religion to politics — the Piri Wiri Tua party, although not part of the Rātana Church, has strong roots in Ratanadom.
Christian political impact in New Zealand
Because New Zealand is now a predominantly secular society, conservative Christians have been unable to halt the removal of Christian hegemony over morality and ethical conduct.
Election results
Year | Candidate(s) | Votes | % | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand | 9,591 | 0.53 | 9th |
1993 | Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand | 38,749 | 2.02 | 5th |
1996 | Christian Coalition | 89,716 | 4.33 | 7th |
Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand | 49,154 | 2.38 | 8th | |
Christian Democrat Party (New Zealand) | 23,033 | 1.12 | 9th | |
Total | 72,187 | 3.5 | Lost | |
2002 | Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand | 27,492 | 1.35 | 8th |
Destiny New Zealand | 14,210 | 0.62 | 9th | |
Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand | 2,821 | 0.12 | 11th | |
Total | 17,031 | 0.7 | Lost | |
The Kiwi Party | 12,755 | 0.54 | 10th | |
New Zealand Pacific Party | 8,640 | 0.37 | 12th | |
The Family Party | 8,176 | 0.35 | 13th | |
Total | 29,571 | 1.3 | Lost | |
ONE Party
|
8,121 | 0.28 | 11th | |
Vision NZ | 4,237 | 0.15 | 12th | |
Total | 12,358 | 0.43 | Lost | |
NewZeal | 16,109 | 0.56 | 9th | |
Freedoms New Zealand[a] | 9,573 | 0.33 | 11th | |
New Conservative Party | 4544 | 0.15 | 14th | |
Leighton Baker Party
|
2,629 | 0.09 | 15th | |
Total | 28,311 | 0.98 | Lost |
See also
- Religion in New Zealand
- Family First New Zealand
- Politics of New Zealand
- Raven-Taylor-Hales Brethren(Exclusive Brethren)
References
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- ^ "Auckland Mayor: Official Results": Auckland Council: October 2022: http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/elections/elections-2022-results/Pages/results.mayor.aspx
- ^ http://vote.nz/2023-general-election/about/2023-general-election/parties
- ^ http://elections.nz/media-and-news/2023/official-results-for-the-2023-general-election
- ^ a b http://www.elections.nz/media-and-news/2023/official-results-for-the-2023-general-election
- ^ Quinlivan, Mark (11 November 2019). "Hannah Tamaki's Vision NZ says it will ban the construction of mosques, temples and other 'foreign buildings'". Newshub. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Somerville, Troes (2 November 2021). "Covid-19: Destiny Church denies making profit from protest group's anti-lockdown merchandise". Stuff. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ Daalder, Marc (12 February 2022). "'Splintered realities': How NZ convoy lost its way". Newsroom. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ Bridie Witton (23 August 2022). "Brian Tamaki brings fringe political parties into new group Freedoms NZ". Stuff.
- ^ "Outdoors Party accuses Brian Tamaki of 'jumping the gun' in 'inappropriate' coalition declaration for Freedoms NZ". Newshub. 24 August 2022.
- ^ Thomas Manch (24 August 2022). "'Shocked' Outdoors and Freedom Party has not agreed to political alliance with Brian Tamaki". Stuff.
- ^ "Registration of Freedoms New Zealand" Elections NZ: 15.02.2023: http://www.elections.nz/media-and-news/2023/registration-of-freedoms-new-zealand
- ^ http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2023/10/election-2023-liz-gunn-cries-brian-tamaki-rages-at-gutless-kiwis-after-losses.html
- ^ "Northland news in brief: Christian party launch". The Northern Advocate. 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "New political party combines Te Tiriti and the Bible into One". Te Ao - Māori News. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ONE Party. Archived from the originalon 17 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ONE Party. Archived from the originalon 17 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Application to Change Party Name and Logo: Elections NZ: 26.07.2023
- ^ "Official results for the 2023 General Election"
- ^ Matthew Scott: "Who's Who in the Election Fringe Festival" Newsroom: 26.09.2023
- ^ "2023 General Election - Official Result"
- NZPA. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
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Bibliography
- J.Cocker and J.Malton Murray (eds) Temperance and Prohibition in New Zealand: the New Zealand Alliance for Abolition of the Liquor Trade: [Electronic Resource]: 2005: [1]
- Allan Davidson: Christianity in Aotearoa: A History of Church and Society in New Zealand: Wellington: The New Zealand Education for Ministry Board: 2004. ISBN 0-476-00229-X
- Pauline Engel: The Abolition of Capital Punishment in New Zealand: Wellington: Department of Justice: 1977.
- Maureen Goring: "Lex Talionis and the Christian Churches: The Question of Capital Punishment in New Zealand" in James Veitch (ed) To Strive and Not to Yield: Essays in Honour of Colin Brown. Wellington: Department of Religious Studies: 1994: ISBN 0-4751101-3-7
- A.K.Grigg: "Prohibition, the Church and Labour in New Zealand: 1890–1914" New Zealand Journal of History: Oct.1981: 15:2: 135–154.
- Bruce Jesson, Allanah Ryan, and Paul Spoonley: Revival of the Right: New Zealand Politics in the 1980s: Auckland: Heinemann Reed: 1988. ISBN 978-0-7900-0003-9
- Brett Knowles: New Life: A History of the New Life Churches of New Zealand: 1942–1979: Dunedin: Third Millennium: 1999. ISBN 1-877139-15-7 (This book has gone out of print. However, a hardback, footnoted, version remains available (under a different title) from Edwin Mellen Press, New York (:http://www.mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=1533&pc=9). Details are:
- Brett Knowles: The History of a New Zealand Pentecostal Movement: The New Life Churches of New Zealand from 1946 to 1979: Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press: 2000:ISBN 0-7734-7862-0
- Dirk Vanderpyl (ed) Trust and Obey: The Reformed Churches of New Zealand: 1953–1993: Silverstream: Reformed Publishing Company: 1994: ISBN 0-473-02459-4
- Joanne Wood: A Challenge Not A Truce: The History of the New Zealand Women's Christian Temperance Union: 1885–1985: Nelson: NZWCTU: 1986.