Church music in Scotland
Church music in Scotland includes all musical composition and performance of music in the context of
The Reformation had a severe impact on church music. The song schools of the abbeys, cathedrals and collegiate churches were closed down, choirs disbanded, music books and manuscripts destroyed and organs removed from churches. The
The nineteenth century saw the reintroduction of accompanied music into the Church of Scotland, influenced by the Oxford Movement. Organs began to be added to churches from the mid-nineteenth century, but they remained controversial and were never placed in some churches. Hymns were also adopted by the main denominations. The American Evangelists Ira D. Sankey and Dwight L. Moody helped popularise accompanied church music in Scotland. In the Scottish Episcopal Church, the Oxford Movement and links with the Anglican Church led to the introduction of more traditional services and by 1900 surpliced choirs and musical services were the norm. In Episcopalian cathedrals and churches that maintain a choral tradition, the repertoire of Anglican church music continues to play an important part of worship.
In the twentieth century ecumenical movements including the Iona Community and the Dunblane Consultations on church music, were highly influential on church music throughout Britain and the United States and there was a return to the composition of choral music.
Middle Ages
Sources
The sources for Scottish Medieval music are extremely limited. These limitations are the result of factors including a turbulent political history, the destructive practices of the
Early Middle Ages
In the early Middle Ages, ecclesiastical music was dominated by
High Middle Ages
In the High Middle Ages, the need for large numbers of singing priests to fulfill the obligations of church services led to the foundation of a system of
Late Middle Ages
Monophony was replaced from the fourteenth century by the
Renaissance
The outstanding Scottish composer of the first half of the sixteenth century was
Impact of the Reformation
The Reformation had a severe impact on church music. The song schools of the abbeys, cathedrals and collegiate churches were closed down, choirs disbanded, music books and manuscripts destroyed and organs removed from churches.[15] The Lutheranism that influenced the early Scottish Reformation attempted to accommodate Catholic musical traditions into worship, drawing on Latin hymns and vernacular songs. The most important product of this tradition in Scotland was The Gude and Godlie Ballatis (1567), which were spiritual satires on popular ballads composed by the brothers James, John and Robert Wedderburn. Never adopted by the kirk, they nevertheless remained popular and were reprinted from the 1540s to the 1620s.[16]
Later the
During his personal reign James VI attempted to revive the song schools, with an act of parliament passed in 1579, demanding that councils of the largest burghs set up "ane sang scuill with ane maister sufficient and able for insturctioun of the yowth in the said science of musik". Five new schools were opened within four years of the act and by 1633 there were at least twenty-five. Most of those without song schools made provision within their grammar schools.[18] Polyphony was incorporated into editions of the Psalter from 1625, but usually with the congregation singing the melody and trained singers the contra-tenor, treble and bass parts.[16] However, the triumph of the Presbyterians in the National Covenant of 1638 led to the end of polyphony and a new psalter in common metre, but without tunes, was published in 1650.[1] In 1666 The Twelve Tunes for the Church of Scotland, composed in Four Parts, which actually contained 14 tunes and was designed for use with the 1650 Psalter, was first published in Aberdeen. It would go through five editions by 1720. By the late seventeenth century these two works had become the basic corpus of the tunes sung in the kirk.[19]
Eighteenth century
In the eighteenth century there were growing divisions in the kirk between the
From the late seventeenth century the common practice was lining out, by which the precentor sang or read out each line and it was then repeated by the congregation. From the second quarter of the eighteenth century it was argued that this should be abandoned in favour of the practice of singing stanza by stanza. This necessitated the use of practice verses and the pioneering work was Thomas Bruce's The Common Tunes, or, Scotland's Church Musick Made Plane (1726), which contained seven practice verses. The 30 tunes in this book marked the beginning of a renewal movement in Scottish Psalmody. New practices were introduced and the repertory was expanded, including both neglected sixteenth-century settings and new ones.[19] In the second half of the eighteenth century these innovations became linked to a choir movement that included the setting up of schools to teach new tunes and singing in four parts.[23] More tune books appeared and the repertory further expanded, although there were still fewer than in counterpart churches in England and the US. More congregations abandoned lining out.[19]
In the period 1742–45 a committee of the General Assembly worked on a series of paraphrases, borrowing from Watts, Philip Doddridge (1702–51) and other Scottish and English writers, which were published as Translations and Paraphrases, in verse, of several passages of Sacred Scripture (1725). These were never formally adopted, as the Moderates, then dominant in the church, thought they were too evangelical. A corrected version was licensed for private use in 1751 and some individual congregations petitioned successful for their use in public worship and they were revised again and published 1781.[22] These were formally adopted by the assembly, but there was considerable resistance to their introduction in some parishes.[24]
After the
Catholicism had been reduced to the fringes of the country, particularly the Gaelic-speaking areas of the Highlands and Islands. Numbers probably reduced in the seventeenth century and organisation had deteriorated.[20] Clergy entered the country secretly and although services were illegal they were maintained.[28] The provisions of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791, which allowed freedom of worship for Catholics who took an oath of allegiance, were extended to Scotland in 1793 and provided some official toleration.[29] Worship, in chapels within the houses of members of the aristocracy or adapted buildings was deliberately low key. It typically involved an unsung Low Mass in Latin. Any form of musical accompaniment was prohibited by George Hay, who was vicar apostolic of the Lowland District in the period 1778 to 1805.[30]
Nineteenth century
The nineteenth century saw the reintroduction of accompanied music into the Church of Scotland. This was strongly influenced by the English
Similarly, when the
Furthermore, as both a musical accompaniment for
The sung liturgical texts and the tunes were both transcribed based on recordings made during the 1970s at St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church in
The
Hymns were first introduced in the
Twentieth century
In the early twentieth century the Catholic Church in Scotland formalised the use of hymns, with the publication of The Book of Tunes and Hymns (1913), the Scottish equivalent of the
See also
- Fr. Allan MacDonald
- Gaelic psalm singing
- Hymnody in the Anglosphere (article in German)
- Tàladh Chrìosda
References
- ^ ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 431–2.
- ^ ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 130–33.
- ^ a b C. R. Borland, A Descriptive Catalogue of The Western Medieval Manuscripts in Edinburgh University Library (University of Edinburgh Press, 1916), p. xv.
- ^ ISBN 0521382963, pp. 319–25.
- ^ ISBN 0199226652, p. 798.
- ISBN 0198165722, p. 483.
- ISBN 0415966477, p. 273.
- ISBN 9004129294, p. 101.
- ISBN 0563121920, pp. 8–12.
- ^ W. Lovelock, A Concise History of Music (New York NY: Frederick Ungar, 1953), p. 57.
- ISBN 0313291241, p. 363.
- ISBN 0748602763, pp. 58 and 118.
- ISBN 0748614559, p. 118.
- ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 130–2.
- ISBN 0191624330, pp. 198–9.
- ^ ISBN 0748602763, pp. 187–90.
- ISBN 0191624330, p. 198.
- ISBN 0253004551, p. 67.
- ^ ISBN 0810869810, pp. 143–4.
- ^ ISBN 1-85109-440-7, pp. 416–7.
- ISBN 0140136495, pp. 303–4.
- ^ ISBN 0810869810, p. 28.
- ISBN 0810869810, p. 26.
- ISBN 0810869810, p. 32.
- ISBN 0140136495, pp. 252–3.
- ISBN 1405801611, p. 49.
- ISBN 0198164246, p. 192.
- ISBN 0140136495, pp. 298–9.
- ISBN 0719023963, p. 9.
- ^ ISBN 0567031411, p. 94.
- ^ ISBN 0810869810, p. 149.
- ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 91–2.
- ISBN 1107016444, p. 73.
- ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 234–5.
- ^ Edited by Ronald Black (2002), Eilein na h-Òige: The Poems of Fr. Allan MacDonald, Mungo Press. Page 503.
- ^ Edited by Ronald Black (2002), Eilein na h-Òige: The Poems of Fr. Allan MacDonald, Mungo Press. Pages 90-101, 488-491.
- ^ Edited by Ronald Black (2002), Eilein na h-Òige: The Poems of Fr. Allan MacDonald, Mungo Press. Page 488.
- ^ ISBN 0748621709, p. 122.
- ISBN 0719061474, p. 197.
- ISBN 0718196732.
- ISBN 1409493830.
- ISBN 0313309035, p. 10.
- ISBN 0313309035, p. 3.
- ISBN 0810873923, p. 271.