Cistus
| Cistus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cistus monspeliensis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Cistaceae |
| Genus: | Cistus L. |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Cistus (from the
Cistus, with its many hybrids and cultivars, is commonly encountered as a garden flower.
The common name rockrose (rock rose in the UK) is applied to the species, a name also shared by the related genera Halimium, Helianthemum and Tuberaria, all in the family Cistaceae. The common name gum cistus is applied to resin-bearing species, especially C. ladanifer.
Description
The leaves are evergreen, opposite, simple, usually slightly rough-surfaced, 2–8 cm long. In a few species (notably C. ladanifer), the leaves are coated with a highly aromatic resin called labdanum.
They have showy 5-petaled flowers ranging from white to purple and dark pink, in a few species with a conspicuous dark red spot at the base of each petal.
Taxonomy
Phylogeny
Cistus and
| Species-level cladogram of Cistus species. | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
| Species-level cladogram of Cistus species, based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences.[2][1][3][4] |
Within the purple pink clade (PPC), C. crispus is consistently the first diverging species. C. albidus, C. creticus and C. heterophyllus form a well supported clade. Seven species endemic to the Canary Islands form a polytomy, resolved differently in different analyses, in which subtaxa of some species do not always cluster together. Within the white and whitish pink clade (WWPC), there is weak support for a clade consisting of C. clusii and C. munbyi; the other species either formed part of a polytomy or resolved differently in different analyses. Halimium and Cistus were regularly shown to be paraphyletic with respect to one another.[4]
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Cistus:[6][4]
- Cistus albidus L.
- Cistus asper Demoly & R.Mesa
- Cistus atlanticus (Humbert & Maire) Demoly
- Cistus atriplicifolius Lam.
- Cistus calycinus L.
- Cistus chinamadensis Bañares & P.Romero
- Cistus clusii Dunal
- Cistus creticus L.
- Cistus crispus L.
- Cistus formosus Curtis
- Cistus grancanariae Marrero Rodr., R.S.Almeida & C.Ríos
- Cistus halimifolius L.
- Cistus heterophyllus Desf.
- Cistus horrens Demoly
- Cistus inflatus Pourr. ex J.-P.Demoly, syn. Cistus psilosepalus Sweet[4]
- Cistus ladanifer L., including Cistus palhinhae N.D.Ingram – Gum Rockrose
- Cistus lasianthus Lam.
- Cistus lasiocalycinus (Boiss. & Reut.) Byng & Christenh.
- Cistus laurifolius L.
- Cistus libanotis L.
- Cistus macrocalycinus (Pau) Byng & Christenh.
- Cistus monspeliensis L. – Montpellier Cistus
- Cistus munbyi Pomel
- Cistus ocreatus C.Sm.[4]
- Cistus ocymoides Lam.
- Cistus osbeckiifolius Webb
- Cistus palhinhaeN.D.Ingram
- Cistus palmensis Bañares & Demoly
- Cistus parviflorus Lam.
- Cistus populifolius L.
- Cistus pouzolzii Delile ex Gren. & Godr.
- Cistus salviifolius L. – Salvia Cistus
- Cistus sintenisii Litard. (syn. C. albanicus)
- Cistus symphytifolius Lam.
- Cistus tauricus C.Presl
- Cistus umbellatus L.
Gallery
- Various species of Cistus
-
Cistus albidus photo taken near Sitges -
Cistus crispus -
Cistus creticus from Crete -
Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis. Critically endangered cistus from Cartagena (Spain). -
Cistus libanotis Photo taken near Cádiz. -
Cistus parviflorus from Crete -
Cistus salviifolius
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Hybrids
In addition a large number of hybrids have been recorded, including:[6][7]
- Cistus × aguilari O.E.Warb. (C. ladanifer × C. populifolius[8])
- Cistus × akamantis Demoly
- Cistus × albereensis Gaut. ex Rouy & Fouc.
- Cistus × banaresii Demoly
- Cistus × canescens Sweet
- Cistus × cebennensis Aubin & J.Prudhomme
- Cistus × cheiranthoides Lam.
- Cistus × clausonii Font Quer & Maire
- Cistus × conradiae Demoly
- Cistus × corbariensis Pourr. (C. populifolius × C. salviifolius[2])
- Cistus × cyprius Lam. (C. ladanifer × C. laurifolius[2])
- Cistus × dansereaui P.Silva (C. ladanifer × C. inflatus[9])
- Cistus × escartianus Demoly
- Cistus × florentinus Lam. (C. monspeliensis × C. salviifolius[2])
- Cistus × hybridus Pourr.
- Cistus × incanus L. (C. albidus × C. crispus[2])
- Cistus × ingwersenii Demoly
- Cistus × laxus Aiton (C. populifolius × C. inflatus ?[2])
- Cistus × ledon Lam. (C. laurifolius × C. monspeliensis)
- Cistus × matritensis Carazo Roman & Jiménez Alb.
- Cistus × nigricans Pourr. (C. populifolius × C. monspeliensis[10])
- Cistus × novus Rouy
- Cistus × obtusifolius Sweet (C. inflatus × C. salviifolius[2])
- Cistus × pauranthus Demoly (C. parviflorus × C. salviifolius[11])
- Cistus × philothei Sennen & Mauricio
- Cistus × platysepalus Sweet (C. monspeliensis × C. inflatus[12])
- Cistus × pourretii Rouy & Foucaud
- Cistus × purpureus Lam. (C. ladanifer × C. creticus[2])
- Cistus × rodiaei Verg. (C. ladanifer × C. albidus)[13]
- Cistus × santae (Sauvage) Demoly
- Cistus × skanbergii Lojac. (C. parviflorus × C. monspeliensis[14])
- Cistus × stenophyllus Link (C. ladanifer × C. monspeliensis[15])
- Cistus × timbalii Demoly
- Cistus × verguinii Coste (C. ladanifer × C. salviifolius[16])
- Cistus × vinyalsii Sennen
Ecology
They are thermophilous plants, which require open, sunny places. This plant genus is peculiar in that it has developed a range of specific adaptations to resist summer drought and frequent disturbance events, such as fire and grazing. In addition, it can form both
Cistus are the only host of
Cistus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora confluella and Coleophora helianthemella, the latter recorded on Cistus monspeliensis.
Various Cistus species are known to emit volatile oils, rendering the plants flammable. Their emission of these essential oils is a genetic adaptation for the species intended to actually promote flammability and even cause spontaneous combustion.[19] Cistus plants are therefore considered pyrophytes, or plants which rely upon fire as a part of their life cycle to encourage spread within their biome. Cistus seeds are resistant to the fires allowing them to germinate once fires have subsided and allowing them to benefit from an environment with less competition from other species.[20]
Cultivation
Cistuses are suitable for sunny gardens with a nearly frost-free
Cultivars
Cultivars (those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit) include:
- C. × aguilarii 'Maculatus' agm[22]
- C. × argenteus 'Peggy Sammons'[23] - pink flowers, grey-green leaves[24]
- C. × bornetianus ‘Jester’ agm[25]
- C. × cyprius agm[26]
- C. × cyprius var. ellipticus 'Elma' agm[27]
- C. × dansereaui 'Decumbens' agm[28]
- C. × dansereaui 'Jenkyn Place' agm[29]
- C. × florentinus - white flowers
- C. ’Gordon Cooper’ agm[30]
- C. × hybridus - pink buds, white flowers
- C. × laxus ‘Snow White’ agm[31]
- C. × lenis 'Grayswood Pink' agm[32]
- C. × obtusifolius ‘Thrive’ agm[33]
- 'C. 'Paladin' - large white flowers, dark green leaves
- C. × pulverulentus 'Sunset' agm[34]
- C. × purpureus agm[35] - pink petals with dark blotches near centre[24]
- C. × skanbergii[36] - small pink flowers
- C. 'Snow Fire' agm[37]
- ×Halimiocistus 'Ingwersenii' agm[38]
- ×Halimiocistus sahucii agm[39]
Gallery
- Various hybrids and cultivars
-
Cistus × dansereaui -
Cistus × hybridus -
Cistus × purpureus -
Cistus × skanbergii (pale pink) and Cistus × verguinii (white and spotted)
References
- ^ .
- ^ PMID 16055353.
- ^ PMID 19668338.
- ^ S2CID 21995828.
- ^ Civeyrel et al. (2011). Based on fig. 4.
- ^ a b "Cistus L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-07-10.
- ^ "Search results for Cistus". The Plant List. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
- ^ Cistus × aguilari Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
- ^ Cistus × dansereaui Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
- ^ Cistus × nigricans in Page (n.d.)
- ^ Cistus × pauranthus Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
- ^ Cistus × platysepalus Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
- ^ The Cistus & Halimium Website
- ^ Cistus × skanbergii Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
- ^ Cistus × stenophyllus Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
- ^ Cistus × verguinii Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
- S2CID 195074078.
- PMID 16800301.
- ^ Flammability and Combustibility of Cistus Plant Groups in Tlemcen Region(Algeria), SMAÏN EL-AMINE HENAOUI, National Forest Research Institute (INRF), Published by International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 44 (4): 383-393, 2018ISSN: 2320-5199
- ^ Aguayo-Villalba, A.Á., Álvarez-Gómez, C.M., Aisa-Ahmed, M. et al. Effect of fire on viability and germination behaviour of Cistus ladanifer and Cistus salvifolius seeds. Folia Geobot 56, 215–225 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-022-09405-2
- ISBN 978-0-671-74733-6.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × aguilarii 'Maculatus'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × argenteus 'Peggy Sammons'". Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7112-1222-0.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cistus × bornetianus 'Jester'". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × cyprius". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × cyprius var. ellipticus 'Elma'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × dansereaui 'Decumbens'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "C. × dansereaui 'Jenkyn Place'". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cistus 'Gordon Cooper'". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cistus × laxus 'Snow White'". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × lenis 'Grayswood Pink'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cistus × obtusifolius 'Thrive'". Retrieved 2020-04-17.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × pulverulentus 'Sunset'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × purpureus". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × skanbergii". Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cistus 'Snow Fire'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "×Halimiocistus 'Ingwersenii'". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "×Halimiocistus sahucii". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
Bibliography
- Demoly, J.-P. (2006). "Notes taxonomiques, chorologiques et nouveautes nomenclaturales pour le genre Cistus L. elargi, incluant Halimium (Dunal) Spach (Cistaceae)". Acta Botanica Gallica. 153 (3): 309–323. Proposes merging Cistus and Halimium.
- Demoly, J.-P. & Montserrat, P. (1993). "Cistus" (PDF). In Castroviejo, S.; Aedo, C.; Cirujano, S.; Lainz, M.; Montserrat, P.; Morales, R.; Munoz Garmendia, F.; Navarro, C.; Paiva, J.; Soriano, C. & Fernandez Arias, M.I. (eds.). Flora Iberica : Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. 3. Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC. pp. 319–337. ISBN 978-84-00-07375-6. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
- Ellul, P.; Boscaiu, M.; Vicente, O.; Moreno, V. & Rossello, J.A. (2002). "Intra- and Interspecific Variation in DNA Content in Cistus (Cistaceae)". Annals of Botany. 90 (3): 345–351. PMID 12234146.
- Page, R.G. (n.d.) [2002 onwards]. "The Cistus & Halimium Website". Retrieved 2015-03-01.
- Sweet, Robert (1825–1830). Cistineae : the natural order of Cistus or Rock-rose. London: James Ridgeway. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- Warburg, E.F. (1968). "Cistus". In Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.). Flora Europaea, Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–284. ISBN 978-0-521-06662-4.
External links
