Clavaria fragilis

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"Fairy fingers" redirects here. For the covering on the hooves of newborn foals, see deciduous hoof capsule.

Clavaria fragilis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Clavariaceae
Genus: Clavaria
Species:
C. fragilis
Binomial name
Clavaria fragilis
Holmsk. (1790)
Synonyms[1]
Species synonymy
  • 1790 Clavaria cylindrica
    Bull.
  • 1792 Clavaria glabra J.F. Gmel.
  • 1801 Clavaria eburnea
    Pers.
  • 1801 Clavaria eburnea var. fragilis (Holmsk.)
    Pers.
  • 1811 Clavaria vermicularis Sw.
  • 1818 Clavaria alba Pers.
  • 1821 Xylaria albicans var. cylindrica (Bull.) Gray
  • 1821 Clavaria solida Gray
  • 1822 Clavaria vermiculata var. flexuosa Pers.
  • 1822 Clavaria pistilliforme Pers.
  • 1887 Clavaria gracilior Britzelm.
  • 1879 Clavaria corynoides Peck
  • 1882 Clavaria simplex
    P. Karst.
  • 1891 Clavaria muelleri Berk. ex Cooke
  • 1901 Clavaria nivea Quél.
  • 1967 Multiclavula corynoides (Peck) R.H. Petersen
  • 1970 Clavulinopsis corynoides (Peck)
    Corner
Clavaria fragilis
saprotrophic
Edibility is edible

Clavaria fragilis, commonly known as fairy fingers, white worm coral, or white spindles, is a

temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, but has also been reported from Australia and South Africa. The fungus is edible
, but insubstantial and flavorless. There are several other small white coral-like fungi with which C. fragilis may be confused.

History and taxonomy

Clavaria fragilis was

synonym—and thus obsolete according to the principle of priority—the latter name is still frequently used today. There are several other names considered to be synonymous with C. fragilis by the online taxonomical database MycoBank (see the taxobox).[1]

In North America, the fungus has colloquially been called "fairy fingers"[4] or "white worm coral".[5] In the UK its recommended English name is "white spindles".[6] British naturalist Samuel Frederick Gray called it the "worm club-stool" in his 1821 A Natural Arrangement of British Plants.[7]

Description

Fruit bodies usually grow in clusters.

The fruit bodies of C. fragilis are irregularly tubular, smooth to furrowed, sometimes compressed, very fragile, white, up to 15 cm (6 in) tall by 5 mm (0.2 in) thick, and typically grow in dense clusters.

basidia (spore bearing cells) measure 40–50 by 6–8 µm, and lack clamps at their bases.[12]

Edibility

Clavaria fragilis is nonpoisonous[13] and reportedly edible, but the fruit bodies are insubstantial and fragile.[14] One field guide says "its flesh is tasteless and so delicate that it seems to dissolve in one's mouth."[9] Its odor has been compared to iodine.[10]

Distribution and habitat

The species occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe, North America, and Asia. In North America, it is more common east of the Rocky Mountains.[10] It has also been recorded from Australia and South Africa.[8] In 2006, it was reported from the Arctic zone of the Ural Mountains, in Russia.[15]

The fungus grows in woodland and in grassland on moist soil, and is presumed to be

leaf litter and dead grass stems. The fruit bodies tend to grow in groups, tufts or clusters.[4] Although they can grow singly, they are typically inconspicuous unless in clusters.[16]

Similar species

Typical growth habit

Similar fungi with simple, white fruit bodies include

Clavaria acuta, an equally widespread species that typically grows singly or in small groups rather than in dense clusters[17] and can be distinguished microscopically by its clamped basidia and larger spores;[8] the morphologically similar, but rare C. atkinsoniana, found in the southwestern and central United States, which cannot be distinguished from C. fragilis by field characteristics alone but has larger spores—8.5–10 by 4.5–5 µm;[18] C. rubicundula, another North American species, which is similar in stature but has a reddish tint;[19] and Multiclavula mucida, a widespread lichenized species with smaller fruit bodies that occurs with its associated algae on moist wood.[10]

Other similar species include Alloclavaria purpurea, Clavulinopsis fusiformis, Clavulinopsis laeticolor, and Macrotyphula juncea.[20]

Conservation status

In North America, Clavaria fragilis has been called "by far our most common Clavaria".

indicator species of old, unimproved grassland (permanent grassland that has not been cultivated for some years).[21][22][23] Though such grasslands are a threatened habitat in Europe, C. fragilis is one of the commoner CHEG species. It is, nonetheless, on the national red list of threatened fungi in the Netherlands[24] and Slovenia.[25]

References

  1. ^ a b "Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. 1790". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  2. ^ Holmskjold T. (1790). Beata Ruris Otia Fungis Danicis Impensa [Happy Resting Periods in the Country Studying Danish Fungi] (in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 7.
  3. ^ Fries EM (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1. Greifswald, Germany: Mauritius. p. 484. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-89815-009-4
    . Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  5. ISBN 0-394-51992-2
    .
  6. ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  7. ^ Gray SF (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 657.
  8. ^ a b c d Corner EJH (1950). A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 251–54.
  9. ^
    ISBN 0-520-03656-5
    .
  10. ^
    ISBN 0-395-91090-0
    .
  11. ISBN 0-02-063690-3
    .
  12. ISBN 0-412-36970-2
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1
    .
  14. ISBN 0-295-96480-4
    .
  15. ISSN 0026-3648
    .
  16. ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5
    .
  18. ^ Kuo M. "Clavaria vermicularis". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  19. ISBN 0-8131-9039-8
    . Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  20. OCLC 797915861
    .
  21. ^ McHugh R, Mitchel D, Wright M, Anderson R (2001). "The fungi of Irish grasslands and their value for nature conservation". Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 101B: 225–42.
  22. ^ Winnall R. (2004). "Waxcap Grasslands". Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  23. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(96)80046-2
    .
  24. ^ "Rode Lijst". 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  25. ^ "Slovenian Red List". 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
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