Clusia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the insect genus, see Clusia (fly).

Clusia
Clusia fluminensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Clusiaceae
Tribe: Clusieae
Genus: Clusia
L.
Species[1]

321, see text

Synonyms[1]
  • Androstylium Miq. (1851)
  • Arrudea A.St.-Hil. &
    Cambess.
    (1828)
  • Asthotheca Miers ex Planch. & Triana (1860)
  • Birolia Raf. (1838)
  • Cahota H.Karst. (1856)
  • Cochlanthera Choisy (1851)
  • Decaphalangium Melch. (1930)
  • Elwertia Raf. 163 (1838)
  • Firkea Raf. (1838)
  • Gardenia Colden (1756), nom. rej.
  • Havetia Kunth (1822)
  • Icostegia Raf. (1838)
  • Lipophyllum Miers (1855)
  • Oedematopus Planch. & Triana (1860)
  • Oxystemon Planch. & Triana (1860)
  • Pilosperma Planch. & Triana (1860)
  • Polythecandra Planch. & Triana (1860)
  • Renggeria Meisn. (1837)
  • Rengifa Poepp. (1840)
  • Schweiggera Mart. (1829), nom. illeg.
  • Triplandron Benth. (1844)
  • Xanthe Schreb. (1791)
MHNT

Clusia is the type genus of the plant family Clusiaceae. Comprising 300-400 species, it is native to the Neotropics. The genus is named by Carl Linnaeus in honor of the botanist Carolus Clusius.

Taxonomy

The closest relatives of Clusia are the neotropical genera

arillate
seeds.

Distribution and habitat

The distribution ranges from the Florida Keys and southern Mexico to southernmost Brazil, and from near sea level to at least 3500 m altitude in the northern Andes. The apomictic Clusia rosea is an invasive species in Hawaii and Sri Lanka, and possibly elsewhere.

Species of Clusia are a characteristic component of a number of Neotropical vegetation types, and may even be dominant, as is often seen in montane forests of the

tepuis or granitic inselbergs. A few grow as scattered shrubs in páramo
.

Description

Its species are shrubs, vines and small to medium-size trees up to 20 m tall, with evergreen foliage. Some species start life as epiphytes which grow long roots that descend to the ground and eventually strangle and kill the host tree in a manner similar to strangler figs.

Many Clusia species have Crassulacean acid metabolism, which can be considered an adaptation to the often dry (micro)habitats of the genus.[2]

The plants contain variously coloured

dioecious (pistillate and staminate flowers are borne on separate plants). Stamen number ranges from four to several hundred. Shape and size of stamens are extremely variable. Sterile stamens are often present, both in pistillate and staminate flowers. Stigmas are four to 16 in number and usually sessile. The fruit is a leathery valvate capsule which splits open to release several red or orange, fleshy-coated seeds
.

Ecology

Pollination involves a range of different animals, and several types of rewards. Floral resin occurs in many, probably most species of Clusia. The resin is produced by the stamens (by sterile stamens, referred to as staminodes, in pistillate flowers) and is collected by bees that use it in nest construction. Nectar is most common in montane species, e.g. Clusia clusioides, and these flowers are visited by insects such as moths and wasps, and sometimes by bats or hummingbirds. In flowers lacking nectar or resin, pollination may be carried out by pollen-eating beetles, which visit also the rewardless pistillate flowers, as observed in Clusia criuva. Clusia blattophila is pollinated by male cockroaches attracted by a pheromone-containing fluid produced by the flowers. [3]

Seeds are dispersed by birds and perhaps, in some cases, by small mammals.

Clusia plants provide excellent nesting sites for some insects. For instance, Clusia grandiflora, a common species in Guianese forests, is an attractive place for Polistes pacificus wasps to build their paper nests because arboreal ants, which often prey on these wasps, do not normally reside in this species of tree.[4]

Uses

The wood of Clusia is highly durable, and is sometimes used for roof construction. The latex and the floral resin have antiseptic properties and have been used to seal wounds. Dry latex is sometimes burned like incense in churches. A few species are grown as house plants, or, in tropical areas, as ornamental trees and shrubs. Examples are Clusia rosea, C. major and C. orthoneura.

Selected species

321 species are currently accepted.[1] Selected species include:

References

  1. ^ a b c Clusia Plum ex L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  2. S2CID 232121559
    .
  3. PMID 18567597
    .
  4. PMID 19393979
    .

Correia MCR, Ormond WT, Pinheiro MCB, Lima HA (1993) Estudos da biologia floral de Clusia criuva Camb. um caso de mimetismo. Bradea 24:209–219

Gustafsson, M. H. G. and V. Bittrich (2003) Evolution of morphological diversity and resin secretion in flowers of Clusia L. (Clusiaceae): insights from ITS sequence variation. Nordic Journal of Botany 22: 183-203.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. (2012) A new xeromorphic species of Clusia (Clusiaceae) from dry valleys of northern Peru. Novon 20: 414-417

Gustafsson, M. H. G., V. Bittrich and K. Winter (2007) Diversity, phylogeny and classification of Clusia. In U. Lüttge (ed.) Ecological studies vol. 194. Clusia: a woody Neotropical genus of remarkable plasticity and diversity, pp. 95–116. Springer, Heidelberg.

Bittrich, V and M. C. E. Amaral (1996)Flower Morphology and Pollination Biology of Some Clusia Species from the Gran Sabana (Venezuela) Kew Bulletin 51: 681-694.

Media related to Clusia at Wikimedia Commons

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