Contiki

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the embedded operating system. For other uses, see Contiki (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with
Kon-Tiki
.
Contiki
BSD-3-Clause
Official websitewww.contiki-os.org
Contiki-NG
Stable release
4.9 / June 17, 2023; 10 months ago (2023-06-17)
Repositorygithub.com/contiki-ng/contiki-ng
Websitewww.contiki-ng.org

Contiki is an

smart cities, radiation monitoring and alarms.[1] It is open-source software released under the BSD-3-Clause
license.

Contiki was created by

Kon-Tiki
raft.

Contiki provides multitasking and a built-in

Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP stack), yet needs only about 10 kilobytes of random-access memory (RAM) and 30 kilobytes of read-only memory (ROM).[1] A full system, including a graphical user interface, needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM.[5]

A new branch has recently been created, known as Contiki-NG: The OS for Next Generation IoT Devices

Hardware

Contiki is designed to run on types of hardware devices that are severely constrained in

8-bit
computers.

Networking

Contiki provides three network mechanisms: the

IPv4 networking, the uIPv6 stack,[7] which provides IPv6 networking, and the Rime stack, which is a set of custom lightweight networking protocols designed for low-power wireless networks. The IPv6 stack was contributed by Cisco and was, when released, the smallest IPv6 stack to receive the IPv6 Ready certification.[8] The IPv6 stack also contains the Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) routing protocol for low-power lossy IPv6 networks and the 6LoWPAN header compression and adaptation layer for IEEE 802.15.4
links.

Rime is an alternative network stack, for use when the overhead of the IPv4 or IPv6 stacks is prohibitive. The Rime stack provides a set of communication primitives for low-power wireless systems. The default primitives are single-hop unicast, single-hop broadcast, multi-hop unicast, network flooding, and address-free data collection. The primitives can be used on their own or combined to form more complex protocols and mechanisms.[9]

Low-power operation

Many Contiki systems are severely power-constrained. Battery operated wireless sensors may need to provide years of unattended operation and with little means to recharge or replace batteries. Contiki provides a set of mechanisms to reduce the power consumption of systems on which it runs. The default mechanism for attaining low-power operation of the radio is called ContikiMAC.[10] With ContikiMAC, nodes can be running in low-power mode and still be able to receive and relay radio messages.

Simulation

The Contiki system includes a sensor simulator called Cooja, which simulates of Contiki nodes.[11] The nodes belong to one of the three following classes: a) emulated Cooja nodes, b) Contiki code compiled and executed on the simulation host, or c) Java nodes, where the behavior of the node must be reimplemented as a Java class. One Cooja simulation may contain a mix of sensor nodes from any of the three classes. Emulated nodes can also be used to include non-Contiki nodes in a simulated network.

In Contiki 2.6, platforms with the

Atmel AVR
microcontrollers can be emulated.

Programming model

To run efficiently on small-memory systems, the Contiki programming model is based on

multithreading and event-driven programming
to attain a low memory overhead of each protothread. The kernel invokes the protothread of a process in response to an internal or external event. Examples of internal events are timers that fire or messages being posted from other processes. Examples of external events are sensors that trigger or incoming packets from a radio neighbor.

Protothreads are cooperatively scheduled. Thus, a Contiki process must always explicitly yield control back to the kernel at regular intervals. Contiki processes may use a special protothread construct to block waiting for events while yielding control to the kernel between each event invocation.

Features

Atmel AVR
port of Contiki

Contiki supports per-process optional preemptive multithreading, inter-process communication using message passing through events, as well as an optional graphical user interface (GUI) subsystem with either direct graphic support for locally connected terminals or networked virtual display with Virtual Network Computing (VNC) or over Telnet.

A full installation of Contiki includes the following features:

Contiki is supported by popular SSL/TLS libraries such as wolfSSL, which includes a port in its 3.15.5 release.[14]

Ports

Contiki on the Commodore 64

Microcontrollers

Computers

Game consoles

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i cc65 based development

References

  1. ^ a b Contiki OS.
  2. ^ Contiki: Bringing IP to Sensor Networks
  3. ^ "Community", Contiki OS.
  4. ^ Dunkels, Adam (2004), "Contiki – a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors", Proceedings of the 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks., pp. 455–462.
  5. ^ Out in the Open: The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things
  6. ^ Dunkels, Adam (May 2003), "Full TCP/IP for 8 Bit Architectures", Proceedings of the First ACM/Usenix International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys), San Francisco{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. US
    : ACM
  8. ^ Newsroom, Cisco, 2008.
  9. ^ Dunkels, Adam; Österlind, Fredrik; He, Zhitao (November 2007), "An adaptive communication architecture for wireless sensor networks", Proceedings of the Fifth ACM Conference on Networked Embedded Sensor Systems (SenSys), Sydney, AU{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
  10. ^ Dunkels, Adam, The ContikiMAC Radio Duty Cycling Protocol (PDF).
  11. ^ "Start", Contiki OS.
  12. S2CID 983128. (PDF, Presentation slides
    ).
  13. ^ "Protothread", Code.
  14. ^ "wolfSSL CONTIKI OS port - wolfSSL". 2018-12-18. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  15. ^ "The Contiki Operating System / [Contiki-developers] Contiki port for the LPC1768 arm processor". 19 December 2020.
  16. ^ Stein, H, Running Contiki under Windows, Trix, archived from the original on 2003-12-09.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Contiki.
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