Dai (Spring and Autumn period)
| Dai | ||
|---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin Dàiguó | | |
| Wade–Giles | Tai-kuo | |
Dai was a
Name
Dài (
The northern Rong, wiped out by Zhao c. 460 BC, were also known as the "Dai Rong" (代戎).[4] The unofficial history compendium Lost Book of Zhou mentioned the "Dai Di" (代翟) among the northern neighbors of Shang Chinese.[5]
History
The
The capital—known as Dai—was located to the northeast of present-day Yu County, Hebei, about 100 miles (160 km) west of Beijing. Its territory included present-day Hunyuan County in Shanxi.[12]
The area inhabitants acted as middlemen between nomads of the
The people of Dai were said to be "proud and stubborn, high-spirited and fond of feats of daring and evil", and to disdain practicing trade or agriculture.[13]
Chinese histories record that
Shortly after becoming head of the Zhao clan (then still part of Jin),[6] Wuxu invited his brother-in-law the king of Dai to a feast. The king, whom the Huainanzi describes as a Mohist convert,[19] came with many of the leading men of his country; Wuxu had them massacred.[20] He then swiftly invaded, overran, and annexed the lands of Dai to his realm[21] in 457 BC.[22][23][20][15][19] His sister the queen of Dai killed herself rather than live under her brother.[6] The expansive territory was given to his nephew Zhou (周, Zhōu).[6]
The Di continued to live in the area after the Zhao conquest.[24] The aftermath of the Zhao conquest is sometimes counted as the first direct contact of the Chinese states with the steppe nomads like the Xiongnu[20] whose threats and invasions shaped much of Chinese history over the next 2,000 years. Later sources record that Zhao even "shared" governance of Dai with "the barbarians" in order to keep it relatively peaceful and to allow invasions against the nomadic Hu, who constantly harassed the area with raids.[25]
Legacy
Dai continued to be used as a name for the surrounding region, eventually becoming the namesake for
See also
- Kingdom of Dai, a Zhao successor state in the Warring States Period
- Kingdom of Dai, a Zhao successor state in the Eighteen Kingdoms Period
- Principality of Dai, an imperial realm and appanage under the Han dynasty
Notes
- ^ During the medieval period, some writers claimed that the princes of Zhao climbed the east terrace of Mount Wutai, overlooking what is now Dai County in Shanxi, although the two territories were only erroneously conflated.[17]
References
Citations
- Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Vierkant, Dennis, "代", CC-CEDICT, Hengelo.
- ^ a b Baxter & al. (2014), "代".
- ^ Lost Book of Zhou "Explaiming the King's Gatherings" quote: "正北空同、大夏、莎車、姑他、旦略、豹胡、代翟、匈奴、樓煩、月氏、孅犁、其龍、東胡，請令以橐駝、白玉、野馬、騊駼、駃騠、良弓為獻。"
- ^ a b c d e f g Theobald (2000).
- ^ a b Johnston (2017), p. 170
- ^ Wu (2017), p. 33.
- ^ a b Di Cosmo (2002), p. 133.
- ^ a b Wu (2017), p. 28–29.
- ^ Wu (2004), p. 6.
- ^ Keller & al. (2007), p. 16.
- ^ a b Di Cosmo (2002), p. 131.
- ^ Wu (2004), pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b Nienhauser et al. (2010), p. 8..
- ^ a b Wu (2004), p. 12.
- ^ Strassberg (1994), p. 357.
- ^ a b Průšek (1971), pp. 189–90.
- ^ a b Major & al. (2010), p. 748.
- ^ a b c Di Cosmo (2002), pp. 128–9.
- ^ Xiong (2009), s.v. "Dai".
- ^ Chin. Culture (1964), p. 130.
- ^ Huang (1972).
- ^ Di Cosmo (1991), p. 63.
- ^ Di Cosmo (2002), pp. 136–7.
- ^ Shanxi Tourism Bureau (2016), s.v. "Dai County".
Bibliography
- "The Origin of the Names of the Counties in Shanxi Province", Official site, Taiyuan: Shanxi Tourism Bureau, 2016, archived from the original on 2016-04-06.
- Baxter, William Hubbard III; et al. (2014), Old Chinese: A Reconstruction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Chinese Culture, vol. VI, No. 1, Taipei: Chinese Cultural Research Institute, Oct 1964.
- Di Cosmo, Nicola (1991), Inner Asia in Chinese History: An Analysis of the Hsiung-nu in the Shih Chi, Bloomington: Indiana University.
- ISBN 9780521543828.
- Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han.
- ISBN 9780520914865.
- ISBN 9780231542678.
- Huang Linshu (1972), 《秦皇長城考修正稿》 [Qín Huáng Chángchéng Kǎo Xiūzhènggǎo, Revised Draft of an Examination the Qin Imperial Great Wall], Hong Kong: Zaoyang Literary Society.
- Keller, Peter C.; et al. (2007), Treasures from Shanghai: 5,000 Years of Chinese Art and Culture, Santa Ana: Bowers Museum
- ISBN 9780231520850.
- Průšek, Jaroslav (1971), Chinese Statelets and the Northern Barbarians in the Period 1400–300 B.C., Academia.
- ISBN 978-0253355904.
- Theobald, Ulrich (2000), "The Feudal State of Zhao", China Knowledge, Tübingen
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Wu Xiaolong (July 2004), "Exotica in the Funerary Debris in the State of Zhongshan: Migration, Trade, and Cultural Contact" (PDF), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 142: Silk Road Exchange in China (PDF), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 6–16.
- Wu Xiaolong (2017), Material Culture, Power, and Identity in Ancient China, ISBN 9781107134027.
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 19, ISBN 9780810860537.