Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago
Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago | |
---|---|
Population | 1,405,646 (2022 est.) |
Growth rate | 0.14% (2022 est.) |
Birth rate | 10.79 births/1,000 population |
Death rate | 8.38 deaths/1,000 population |
Life expectancy | 75.94 years |
• male | 74.02 years |
• female | 77.93 years |
Fertility rate | 1.63 children |
Infant mortality rate | 15.83 deaths/1,000 live births |
Net migration rate | -1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population |
Sex ratio | |
Total | 1.01 male(s)/female (2022 est.) |
At birth | 1.04 male(s)/female |
Nationality | |
Nationality | Trinidadian and Tobagonian |
Language | |
Official | English |
This article is about the
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1851 | 82,978 | — |
1861 | 99,848 | +20.3% |
1871 | 126,692 | +26.9% |
1881 | 171,179 | +35.1% |
1891 | 218,381 | +27.6% |
1901 | 273,899 | +25.4% |
1911 | 333,552 | +21.8% |
1921 | 365,913 | +9.7% |
1931 | 412,783 | +12.8% |
1946 | 563,222 | +36.4% |
1960 | 834,350 | +48.1% |
1970 | 945,210 | +13.3% |
1980 | 1,079,791 | +14.2% |
1990 | 1,213,733 | +12.4% |
2000 | 1,262,366 | +4.0% |
2011 | 1,328,019 | +5.2% |
2019 | 1,363,985 | +2.7% |
Source: [1] |
Population
The total population of Trinidad and Tobago was 1,328,018 according to the 2011 census,[1] an increase of 5.2% since the 2000 census. According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[2][3] the total population was estimated at 1,525,663 in 2021, compared to only 646,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 20.7%, 71% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 8.3% was 65 years or older.[4]
Total population (x 1000) |
Proportion aged 0–14 (%) |
Proportion aged 15–64 (%) |
Proportion aged 65+ (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 646 | 39.9 | 56.1 | 4.0 |
1955 | 740 | 42.2 | 54.2 | 3.7 |
1960 | 848 | 42.8 | 53.7 | 3.5 |
1965 | 912 | 43.4 | 53.2 | 3.4 |
1970 | 946 | 41.4 | 54.3 | 4.2 |
1975 | 1 011 | 37.6 | 57.5 | 4.8 |
1980 | 1 085 | 34.0 | 60.6 | 5.5 |
1985 | 1 171 | 34.3 | 60.2 | 5.6 |
1990 | 1 222 | 33.6 | 60.7 | 5.8 |
1995 | 1 255 | 30.8 | 63.2 | 6.1 |
2000 | 1 268 | 25.6 | 67.9 | 6.5 |
2005 | 1 297 | 21.8 | 70.9 | 7.2 |
2010 | 1 328 | 20.7 | 71.0 | 8.3 |
Structure of the population
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 09.I.2011):[5]
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 666 305 | 661 714 | 1 328 019 | 100 |
0-4 | 47 847 | 46 274 | 94 121 | 7.09 |
5-9 | 46 379 | 44 952 | 91 330 | 6.88 |
10-14 | 44 953 | 43 010 | 87 963 | 6.62 |
15-19 | 49 709 | 48 670 | 98 378 | 7.41 |
20-24 | 57 407 | 56 833 | 114 240 | 8.60 |
25-29 | 62 268 | 61 250 | 123 517 | 9.30 |
30-34 | 53 897 | 51 683 | 105 580 | 7.95 |
35-39 | 46 862 | 45 677 | 92 538 | 6.97 |
40-44 | 43 491 | 42 672 | 86 163 | 6.49 |
45-49 | 48 685 | 47 429 | 96 113 | 7.24 |
50-54 | 43 981 | 43 203 | 87 184 | 6.56 |
55-59 | 36 719 | 36 496 | 73 215 | 5.51 |
60-64 | 29 645 | 29 002 | 58 647 | 4.42 |
65-69 | 21 582 | 23 055 | 44 639 | 3.36 |
70-74 | 14 209 | 16 079 | 30 289 | 2.28 |
75-79 | 9 286 | 11 463 | 20 750 | 1.56 |
80+ | 9 384 | 13 966 | 23 351 | 1.76 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0-14 | 139 179 | 134 236 | 273 415 | 20.59 |
15-64 | 472 665 | 462 915 | 935 580 | 70.45 |
65+ | 54 461 | 64 563 | 119 024 | 8.96 |
Due to decreasing fertility, the proportion of children below the age of 15 is decreasing, while the proportion of elderly is increasing. The median age has increased from 21.6 in 1980, 24.1 in 1990, 28.1 in 2000 to 32.6 in 2011.[1] The estimated mid-year population of 2014 is 1,344,000 (medium fertility scenario of The 2012 Revision of the World Population Prospects).[4] As of January 2019, the estimated population is 1,383,368.
Emigration
Emigration from Trinidad and Tobago, as with other Caribbean nations, has historically been high; most emigrants go to the
Vital statistics
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | TFR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1934 | 428,000 | 12,743 | 7,970 | 4,773 | 29.8 | 18.6 | 11.2 | |
1935 | 435,000 | 14,352 | 7,618 | 6,734 | 33.0 | 17.5 | 15.5 | |
1936 | 442,000 | 14,625 | 7,230 | 7,395 | 33.1 | 16.4 | 16.7 | |
1937 | 450,000 | 14,226 | 7,848 | 6,378 | 31.6 | 17.4 | 14.2 | |
1938 | 458,000 | 15,119 | 7,283 | 7,836 | 33.0 | 15.9 | 17.1 | |
1939 | 466,000 | 14,525 | 7,491 | 7,034 | 31.2 | 16.1 | 15.1 | |
1940 | 476,000 | 16,535 | 7,499 | 9,036 | 34.7 | 15.8 | 19.0 | |
1941 | 492,000 | 16,494 | 7,906 | 8,588 | 33.5 | 16.1 | 17.5 | |
1942 | 510,000 | 17,729 | 9,028 | 8,701 | 34.8 | 17.7 | 17.1 | |
1943 | 525,000 | 20,210 | 8,699 | 11,511 | 38.5 | 16.6 | 21.9 | |
1944 | 536,000 | 20,944 | 8,055 | 12,889 | 39.1 | 15.0 | 24.0 | |
1945 | 547,000 | 21,616 | 7,959 | 13,657 | 39.5 | 14.6 | 25.0 | |
1946 | 561,000 | 21,767 | 7,734 | 14,033 | 38.8 | 13.8 | 25.0 | |
1947 | 578,000 | 22,342 | 7,828 | 14,514 | 38.7 | 13.5 | 25.1 | |
1948 | 600,000 | 23,940 | 7,293 | 16,647 | 39.9 | 12.2 | 27.7 | |
1949 | 616,000 | 22,931 | 7,487 | 15,444 | 37.2 | 12.2 | 25.1 | |
1950 | 646,000 | 23,722 | 7,665 | 16,057 | 37.5 | 12.1 | 25.4 | |
1951 | 659,000 | 23,804 | 7,815 | 15,989 | 36.7 | 12.0 | 24.6 | |
1952 | 676,000 | 22,923 | 8,000 | 14,923 | 34.6 | 12.1 | 22.5 | |
1953 | 695,000 | 25,565 | 7,262 | 18,303 | 37.7 | 10.7 | 27.0 | |
1954 | 717,000 | 29,253 | 6,807 | 22,446 | 41.9 | 9.8 | 32.2 | |
1955 | 740,000 | 30,216 | 7,462 | 22,754 | 41.9 | 10.3 | 31.6 | |
1956 | 763,000 | 27,447 | 7,136 | 20,311 | 36.9 | 9.6 | 27.3 | |
1957 | 786,000 | 28,848 | 7,283 | 21,565 | 37.7 | 9.5 | 28.2 | |
1958 | 809,000 | 29,667 | 7,288 | 22,379 | 37.6 | 9.2 | 28.4 | |
1959 | 829,000 | 30,592 | 7,476 | 23,116 | 37.4 | 9.2 | 28.3 | |
1960 | 848,000 | 32,858 | 6,608 | 26,250 | 39.1 | 7.9 | 31.2 | |
1961 | 865,000 | 32,880 | 6,891 | 25,989 | 37.9 | 7.9 | 30.0 | |
1962 | 880,000 | 34,107 | 6,465 | 27,642 | 37.9 | 7.2 | 30.7 | |
1963 | 893,000 | 32,898 | 6,668 | 26,230 | 35.6 | 7.2 | 28.4 | |
1964 | 903,000 | 32,955 | 6,675 | 26,280 | 34.7 | 7.0 | 27.6 | |
1965 | 912,000 | 31,953 | 6,731 | 25,222 | 32.8 | 6.9 | 25.9 | |
1966 | 920,000 | 30,079 | 7,060 | 23,019 | 30.2 | 7.1 | 23.1 | |
1967 | 926,000 | 28,462 | 6,775 | 21,687 | 28.2 | 6.7 | 21.5 | |
1968 | 931,000 | 28,107 | 7,116 | 20,991 | 27.5 | 7.0 | 20.6 | |
1969 | 938,000 | 25,130 | 7,068 | 18,062 | 24.4 | 6.9 | 17.6 | |
1970 | 946,000 | 25,151 | 6,956 | 18,120 | 24.4 | 6.8 | 17.6 | |
1971 | 956,000 | 26,116 | 7,044 | 18,473 | 24.6 | 6.8 | 17.9 | |
1972 | 969,000 | 28,049 | 6,955 | 20,099 | 26.3 | 7.0 | 19.2 | |
1973 | 983,000 | 26,231 | 7,517 | 18,714 | 24.8 | 7.1 | 17.7 | |
1974 | 997,000 | 26,138 | 6,716 | 19,422 | 24.5 | 6.3 | 18.2 | |
1975 | 1,011,000 | 25,673 | 6,899 | 18,774 | 25.4 | 6.8 | 18.6 | |
1976 | 1,026,000 | 27,149 | 7,388 | 19,761 | 26.5 | 7.2 | 19.3 | |
1977 | 1,040,000 | 27,895 | 7,311 | 20,584 | 26.8 | 7.0 | 19.8 | |
1978 | 1,054,000 | 28,295 | 6,824 | 21,471 | 27.0 | 6.5 | 20.5 | |
1979 | 1,069,000 | 29,698 | 7,060 | 22,638 | 27.9 | 6.6 | 21.3 | |
1980 | 1,085,000 | 29,869 | 7,506 | 22,363 | 27.6 | 6.9 | 20.7 | |
1981 | 1,103,000 | 32,177 | 7,355 | 24,822 | 29.4 | 6.7 | 22.7 | |
1982 | 1,121,000 | 32,537 | 7,641 | 24,896 | 29.2 | 6.8 | 22.3 | |
1983 | 1,139,000 | 33,208 | 7,546 | 25,662 | 29.2 | 6.6 | 22.5 | |
1984 | 1,156,000 | 31,599 | 7,819 | 23,780 | 27.0 | 6.7 | 20.3 | |
1985 | 1,171,000 | 33,719 | 8,026 | 25,693 | 28.8 | 6.9 | 21.9 | |
1986 | 1,184,000 | 31,886 | 7,699 | 24,187 | 26.9 | 6.5 | 20.4 | |
1987 | 1,195,000 | 29,167 | 8,054 | 21,113 | 24.4 | 6.7 | 17.7 | |
1988 | 1,205,000 | 26,983 | 8,036 | 18,947 | 22.4 | 6.7 | 15.7 | |
1989 | 1,214,000 | 25,072 | 8,213 | 16,859 | 20.7 | 6.8 | 13.9 | |
1990 | 1,222,000 | 23,960 | 8,196 | 15,764 | 19.6 | 6.7 | 12.9 | 2.45 |
1991 | 1,230,000 | 22,368 | 8,192 | 14,176 | 18.2 | 6.7 | 11.5 | 2.34 |
1992 | 1,237,000 | 23,064 | 8,533 | 14,531 | 18.6 | 6.9 | 11.7 | 2.23 |
1993 | 1,244,000 | 21,094 | 8,807 | 12,287 | 17.0 | 7.1 | 9.9 | 2.13 |
1994 | 1,250,000 | 19,682 | 9,265 | 10,417 | 15.7 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 2.04 |
1995 | 1,255,000 | 19,258 | 9,042 | 10,216 | 15.3 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 1.96 |
1996 | 1,258,000 | 17,992 | 9,376 | 8,616 | 14.3 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 1.90 |
1997 | 1,261,000 | 18,452 | 9,157 | 9,295 | 14.6 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 1.84 |
1998 | 1,263,000 | 17,898 | 9,365 | 8,533 | 14.2 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 1.80 |
1999 | 1,265,000 | 18,321 | 10,014 | 8,307 | 14.5 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 1.77 |
2000 | 1,268,000 | 18,160 | 9,478 | 8,682 | 14.3 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 1.75 |
2001 | 1,272,000 | 18,078 | 9,753 | 8,325 | 14.2 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 1.74 |
2002 | 1,278,000 | 16,990 | 9,797 | 7,193 | 13.3 | 7.7 | 5.6 | 1.74 |
2003 | 1,284,000 | 17,989 | 10,206 | 7,783 | 14.0 | 7.9 | 6.1 | 1.75 |
2004 | 1,290,000 | 17,235 | 9,872 | 7,363 | 13.4 | 7.7 | 5.7 | 1.76 |
2005 | 1,294,000 | 17,264 | 9,885 | 7,379 | 13.3 | 7.6 | 5.7 | 1.77 |
2006 | 1,297,000 | 18,090 | 9,668 | 8,422 | 13.9 | 7.5 | 6.4 | 1.78 |
2007 | 1,303,000 | 18,889 | 9,654 | 9,235 | 14.5 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 1.79 |
2008 | 1,308,000 | 19,888 | 10,463 | 9,425 | 15.2 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 1.80 |
2009 | 1,310,000 | 17,499 | 9,693 | 7,806 | 13.4 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 1.80 |
2010 | 1,317,000 | 19,092 | 10,477 | 8,615 | 14.5 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 1.81 |
2011 | 1,328,000 | 18,141 | 10,007 | 8,134 | 13.7 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 1.80 |
2012 | 1,335,000 | 19,801 | 9,627 | 10,174 | 14.8 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 1.80 |
2013 | 1,340,000 | 18,741 | 10,376 | 8,365 | 14.0 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 1.79 |
2014 | 1,345,000 | 18,431 | 10,642 | 7,789 | 13.7 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 1.78 |
2015 | 1,350,000 | 18,896 | 11,580 | 7,316 | 14.0 | 8.6 | 5.4 | 1.77 |
2016 | 1,354,000 | 18,373 | 11,145 | 7,228 | 13.6 | 8.2 | 5.4 | 1.75 |
2017 | 1,356,000 | 17,393 | 11,655 | 5,738 | 12.8 | 8.6 | 4.2 | 1.74 |
2018 | 1,359,000 | 17,218 | 11,658 | 5,560 | 12.7 | 8.6 | 4.1 | 1.73 |
2019 | 1,364,000 | 16,058 | 11,266 | 4,792 | 11.8 | 8.2 | 3.6 |
Life expectancy at birth
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
---|---|---|---|
1950–1955 | 57.9 | 1985–1990 | 68.2 |
1955–1960 | 60.8 | 1990–1995 | 68.4 |
1960–1965 | 64.1 | 1995–2000 | 68.7 |
1965–1970 | 64.8 | 2000–2005 | 69.3 |
1970–1975 | 65.5 | 2005–2010 | 70.2 |
1975–1980 | 66.7 | 2010–2015 | 70.8 |
1980–1985 | 67.3 |
Source: UN World Population Prospects[9]
Ethnic groups
Ethnic group |
Census 1946 | Census 1960 | Census 1970 | Census 1980 | Census 1990 | Census 2000 | Census 2011 [10] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Indian |
195,747 | 35.1 | 301,946 | 36.5 | 373,538 | 40.1 | 426,660 | 40.3 | 453,069 | 40.3 | 446,273 | 40.0 | 468,524 | 35.43 |
African |
261,485 | 46.9 | 358,588 | 43.3 | 398,765 | 42.8 | 434,730 | 41.1 | 445,444 | 39.6 | 418,268 | 37.5 | 452,536 | 34.22 |
Mixed | 78,775 | 14.1 | 134,749 | 16.3 | 133,706 | 14.4 | 175,150 | 16.5 | 207,558 | 18.4 | 228,089 | 20.5 | 301,866 | 22.82 |
European including Portuguese |
15,283 | 2.7 | 20,202 | 2.4 | 11,383 | 1.2 | 9,850 | 0.9 | 7,254 | 0.6 | 7,034 | 0.6 | 8,669 | 0.65 |
Chinese |
5,641 | 1.0 | 8,361 | 1.0 | 7,962 | 0.9 | 5,670 | 0.5 | 4,314 | 0.4 | 3,800 | 0.3 | 4,003 | 0.30 |
Amerindian |
1,394 | 0.11 | ||||||||||||
Arab |
889 | 0.2 | 1,590 | 0.2 | 1,010 | 0.1 | 934 | 0.1 | 849 | 0.1 | 1,029 | 0.08 | ||
Other | 6,714 | 0.8 | 4,332 | 0.5 | 2,900 | 0.3 | 1,724 | 0.2 | 1,972 | 0.2 | 2,280 | 0.17 | ||
Unknown or undeclared | 150 | 0.0 | 291 | 0.0 | 1,385 | 2,350 | 0.2 | 4,831 | 0.4 | 8,487 | 0.8 | 82,246 | 6.22 | |
Total | 557,970 | 827,957 | 1,058,320 | 1,125,128 | 1,114,772 | 1,322,546 |
Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians
Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonians
European Trinidadian and Tobagonians
The
The French arrived mostly during the Spanish period to take advantage of free agricultural lands. Some Portuguese arrived in the mid-nineteenth century and more came at the turn of the century.[13] The Europeans who remained in Trinidad live in areas in and around Port of Spain. Furthermore, British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean and descendants of English indentured workers brought in as overseers following the end of the Second World War.
The Portuguese came to Tobago and Trinidad as early as the 17th century, including groups of Jews, Catholics and Protestants. For over 140 years, from 1834 up to 1975, the ancestors of the modern Portuguese community in Trinidad and Tobago hailed mostly from the archipelago of Madeira, starting from 1846, with the earliest registers being from the Azores in 1834.
Most Portuguese came directly from Madeira, and also via Guyana, St Vincent, Antigua and St Kitts.
Important communities settled in Port of Spain, Arima, Arouca, Chaguanas, San Fernando and Scarborough.
In 2011, the Madeiran Portuguese Community of Trinidad and Tobago celebrated their 165th Anniversary of arrival of the first Madeirans in Trinidad back in 1846.
Recalling the presence of the Portuguese in the nation today are over 100 Portuguese surname, some of which have become street nomenclature. As an independent nation, the country has recognised several members of the Portuguese community, through official awards.[14]
In Tobago, many white residents are retirees who have recently arrived there. [citation needed]
Mixed ethnicity
Given the large number of ethnic identities in Trinidad and Tobago, many citizens have a mixed ethnic heritage due to influences from
Chinese-Trinidadians and Tobagonians
There are groups of
In Trinidad there were, about twenty years ago [i.e. about 1886], 4,000 or 5,000 Chinese, but they have decreased to probably about 2,000 or 3,000, [2,200 in 1900]. They used to work in sugar plantations, but are now principally shopkeepers, as well as general merchants, miners and railway builders, etc.[18]
Arab-Trinidadians and Tobagonians
There are also more than 1,000 Arabs, originating from Syria and Lebanon who live mostly in Port-of-Spain. The Syrian and Lebanese communities of Trinidad are predominantly Christian, migrating from the Middle East in the 19th century from the Ottoman Empire later landing in the Caribbean and Latin America. Other Lebanese and Syrians came in the early to middle 20th century to escape the war and turmoil in the region.[19]
Indigenous (Caribs)
Finally, there are the mixed raced
Religion
In 2011, according to census data, Roman Catholicism was again the largest religious denomination with 285,671 followers (21.6% of the total population), having declined from a membership of 289,711 in 2000 (26% of the population).[1] Other religious denominations that experienced decreases in their membership in 2011 were Hinduism (from 22.5% in 2000 to 18.2% in 2011), Anglican (from 7.8% to 5.7%), Presbyterian/Congregational (from 3.3% to 2.5%) and Methodist (from 0.9% to 0.7%). The number of persons claiming affiliation to Pentecostal/Evangelical/Full Gospel more than doubled from 76,327 in 2000 (6.8%) to 159,033 in 2011 (12.0%). The number of Muslims slightly increased but as proportion of the total population there was a decrease from 5.8% in 2000 to 5.0% in 2011. The category ‘None’ witnessed a small increase from 1.9% to 2.2%, while those who did not state a religion increased significantly, from 1.4% to 11.1%. Approximately 1.2% of the population are adherents of the Baháʼí Faith. The African religions and specifically Orisha have become institutions in Trinidad and Tobago's society. They serve not only the obvious religious needs but also as a source of inspiration for personal identity. Many people, motivated by the need to re-claim their African heritage can now openly support these religions because they see in them a source of understanding and a coming to terms with their enslavement and the colonial past.[20]
Language
Languages of Trinidad and Tobago | |
---|---|
English and creoles
English is the country's official language (the local variety of standard English is
Hindustani
The variant that is spoken in
Spanish
In 2014, Spanish was the native language of 4,000[31] (0.3% of the total population) people in Trinidad and Tobago, being mostly made up of Venezuelan immigrants. Due to Trinidad and Tobago's proximity to Venezuela, current government regulations require that Spanish be taught in secondary education. Spanish is estimated to be spoken by around 5% of the population[32] and has been promoted by recent governments as a "first foreign language" since March 2005 due to the country's proximity to Venezuela.[33][34]
Tamil
The Tamil language is spoken by some of the older Tamil Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian population. It is mostly spoken by the few remaining children of indentured Indian laborers from the present-day state of Tamil Nadu in India. Other speakers of the language are recent immigrants from Tamil Nadu.[35]
Chinese
The Chinese language first came to Trinidad and Tobago in 1806, when the British had brought Chinese laborers in order to determine if they were fit to use as laborers after the abolition of slavery. About 2,645 Chinese immigrants arrived in Trinidad as indentured labour between 1853 and 1866. A majority of the people who immigrated in the 19th century were from southern China and spoke the Hakka and Yue dialects of Chinese. In the 20th century after the years of indentureship up to the present-day more Chinese people have immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago for business and they speak the dialects of the indenturees along with other Chinese dialects, such as Mandarin and Min.[36]
Indigenous languages
The indigenous languages were
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report Archived May 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- ^ a b Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision Archived May 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org.
- ^ a b "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "Central Statistical Office". Unstats.un.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO" (PDF). Caricomstats.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved 2017-07-15.
- ^ "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Central America and Caribbean :: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO". CIA The World Factbook. 7 June 2022.
- ^ "Trinidad and Tobago - HISTORY". countrystudies.us.
- ^ The Portuguese of Trinidad and Tobago Jo-Anne S Ferreira Institute of Social and Economic Research The University of. The West Indies St Augustine Trinidad
- ^ [Trinidad & Tobago 50 Years of Independence, THE PORTUGUESE OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, Locating an important minority, Dr Jo-Anne Ferreira Lecturer in Linguistics, UWI, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad, September 28, 2017]
- ISBN 9780521523134– via Google Books.
- ^ Trinidad French Creole Archived 2010-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Estimates of African, European and Native American Ancestry in Afro-Caribbean Men ". Content.karger.com. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ Things Chinese or Notes Connected with China. 4th Edition. J. Dyer Ball (1906), New York, Charles Scribner's Son, p. 144
- ^ "Syrian Lebanese". Nalis.gov.tt. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "Most Baha'i Nations (2010)" QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ Jo-Anne Sharon Ferreira. THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO. University of the West Indies. unb.br
- ^ ISBN 9780761932185.
- ISBN 9789766483227.
- ^ "The Hindustani language as an element of Caribbean identity". YouTube.
- ^ "Hindustani, Sarnami". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ "The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago".
- ^ "10,000 students graduate in Hindi".
- .
- ISBN 9780195139778. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "TT celebrates World Hindi Day". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 19 January 2020.
- ^ "EL ESPAÑOL: UNA LENGUA VIVA - INFORME 2019" (PDF).
- ^ Maria Grau Perejoan, María Pilar Gea Monera. el ESPAÑOL EN TRINIDAD Y TOBAGO. cervantes.es
- ^ Secretariat for the Implementation of Spanish (10 October 2008). "Spanish road signs quite correct". Trinidad and Tobago's Newsday.
- ^ "FAQ". The Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish. Trinidad and Tobago: Government of the Republic. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "Interview with 97 yr old Mansee Subiah on Tamil Heritage in Trinidad". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
- ^ a b "The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago".
- ^ "World-Systems, Globalization". Archived from the original on 2001-12-01. Retrieved 2001-12-01.
- ^ "The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago".