Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu | ||
---|---|---|
Clockwise from top: Brihadisvara Temple | ||
Anthem: "Tamil Thai Valthu " (Invocation to Mother Tamil) | ||
Formation | 1 November 1956 | |
State Legislature | Unicameral | |
• Assembly | Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (234 seats) | |
National Parliament | Parliament of India | |
• Rajya Sabha | 18 seats | |
• Lok Sabha | 39 seats | |
High Court | Madras High Court | |
Area | ||
• Total | 130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi) | |
• Rank | ||
Nilgiri Tahr | ||
Tree | Asian Palm | |
State highway mark | ||
State highway of Tamil Nadu TN SH1 - TN SH223 | ||
List of Indian state symbols |
Tamil Nadu (
Located on the south-eastern coast of the
.As the most urbanised state of India, Tamil Nadu boasts an
Etymology
The name is derived from Tamil language with nadu meaning "land" and Tamil Nadu meaning "the land of Tamils". The origin and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.[5]
History
Prehistory (before 5th century BCE)
Sangam period (5th century BCE–3rd century CE)
The
The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and
Medieval era (4th–13th century CE)
Around the 7th century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas, who patronised Buddhism and Jainism before the revival of
The Cholas became the dominant kingdom in the 9th century under
The Pandyas again reigned supreme early in the 13th century under
Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE)
In the 13th and 14th century, there were repeated attacks from
Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE)
In the 18th century, the
Europeans started to establish trade centers from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The
By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region and established the
Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the
Post-Independence (1947–present)
After the
Environment
Geography
Tamil Nadu covers an area of 130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi) and is the tenth-largest state in India.
The Western Ghats runs south along the western boundary with the highest peak at
The
Tamil Nadu has a 1,076 km (669 mi)
Geology
Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II and III.
Climate
The region has a
The
Flora and fauna
Forests occupy an area of 22,643 km2 (8,743 sq mi) constituting 17.4% of the geographic area.
Important ecological regions of Tamil Nadu are the
Protected areas cover an area of 3,305 km2 (1,276 sq mi), constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 15% of the 22,643 km2 (8,743 sq mi) recorded forest area of the state.
There is one conservation reserve at
Animal | Bird | Butterfly | Tree | Fruit | Flower |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) | Emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica) | Tamil Yeoman (Cirrochroa thais) | Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) | Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) | Glory lily (Gloriosa superba) |
Administration and politics
Administration
Title | Name |
---|---|
Governor
|
R. N. Ravi[145] |
Chief minister
|
M. K. Stalin[146] |
Chief Justice
|
S. V. Gangapurwala[147] |
Chennai is the capital of the state and houses the
Legislature
In accordance with the
Law and order
The
Politics
Elections in India are conducted by the
The Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu led to the rise of Dravidian parties that formed Tamil Nadu's first government, in 1967.[179] In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) led by M. G. Ramachandran.[180] Dravidian parties continue to dominate Tamil Nadu electoral politics with the national parties usually aligning as junior partners to the major Dravidian parties, AIADMK and DMK.[181] M. Karunanidhi became the leader of the DMK after Annadurai and J. Jayalalithaa succeeded as the leader of AIADMK after M. G. Ramachandran.[182][176] Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa dominated the state politics from the 1980s to early 2010s, serving as chief ministers combined for over 32 years.[176]
C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor General of India post independence, was from Tamil Nadu. The state has produced three Indian presidents, namely,
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1901 | 19,252,630 | — |
1911 | 20,902,616 | +8.6% |
1921 | 21,628,518 | +3.5% |
1931 | 23,472,099 | +8.5% |
1941 | 26,267,507 | +11.9% |
1951 | 30,119,047 | +14.7% |
1961 | 33,686,953 | +11.8% |
1971 | 41,199,168 | +22.3% |
1981 | 48,408,077 | +17.5% |
1991 | 55,858,946 | +15.4% |
2001 | 62,405,679 | +11.7% |
2011 | 72,147,030 | +15.6% |
Source:Census of India[186] |
As per the
As of 2017[update], the state had the
Cities and towns
The capital of Chennai is the most populous urban agglomeration in the state with more than 8.6 million residents, followed by Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli and Tiruppur, respectively.[198]
Rank
|
Name
|
District
|
Pop.
|
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chennai Coimbatore |
1 | Chennai | Chennai | 8,696,010 | Madurai Tiruchirappalli | ||||
2 | Coimbatore | Coimbatore | 2,151,466 | ||||||
3 | Madurai | Madurai | 1,462,420 | ||||||
4 | Tiruchirappalli | Tiruchirappalli | 1,021,717 | ||||||
5 | Tiruppur | Tiruppur | 962,982 | ||||||
6 | Salem | Salem | 919,150 | ||||||
7 | Erode | Erode | 521,776 | ||||||
8 | Vellore | Vellore | 504,079 | ||||||
9 | Tirunelveli | Tirunelveli | 498,984 | ||||||
10 | Thoothukudi | Thoothukudi | 410,760 |
Religion and ethnicity
The state is home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.
Language
Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu, while
LGBT rights
The
Culture and heritage
Clothing
Tamil women traditionally wear a
Cuisine
Literature
Tamil Nadu has an independent literary tradition dating back over 2500 years from the Sangam era.[5] Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as the Tamil Sangams, the earliest of which, according to legend, were held on a now vanished continent far to the south of India.[253] This includes the oldest grammatical treatise, Tolkappiyam, and the epics Cilappatikaram and Manimekalai.[254] The earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BCE.[255]
In the early medieval period,
Architecture
With the
Arts
Tamil Nadu is a major centre for music, art and dance in India.
The ancient Tamil country had its own
The state is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions which engage in arts research and are major tourist attractions.[302] Established in the early 18th century, Government Museum and National Art Gallery are amongst the oldest in the country.[303] The museum inside the premises of Fort St. George maintains a collection of objects of the British era.[304] The museum is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India and has in its possession, the first Flag of India hoisted at Fort St George after the declaration of India's Independence on 15 August 1947.[305]
Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood" and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.[306][307] The term Kollywood is a blend of Kodambakkam and Hollywood.[308] The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first talkie was a multi-lingual film, Kalidas, which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture Alam Ara.[309][310] Samikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone".[311][312][313]
Festivals
Pongal is a major and multi-day harvest festival celebrated by Tamils.[314] It is observed in the month of Thai according to the Tamil solar calendar and usually falls on 14 or 15 January.[315] It is dedicated to the Surya, the Sun God and the festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional dish prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with jaggery offered to Surya.[316][317][318] Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of cattle when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions.[319] Jallikattu is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.[320]
Economy
The economy of the state consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due to
The state has a diversified industrial base anchored by different sectors including
- Services
As of 2022[update], the state is amongst the major
The state has two
- Manufacturing
Manufacturing is various states are governed by state owned industrial corporation
Another major industry is textiles with the state being home to more than half of the operating fiber textile mills in India.[365][366] Coimbatore is often referred to as the Manchester of South India due to its cotton production and textile industries.[367] As of 2022[update], Tiruppur exported garments worth $480 billion, contributing to nearly 54% of the all the textile exports from India and the city is known as the knitwear capital due to its cotton knitwear export.[368][369] As of 2015[update], the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17% of the total invested capital in all the industries.[370] As of 2021[update], 40% of leather goods exported from India worth ₹92.52 billion (US$1.2 billion) are being manufactured in the state.[371] The state supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps, and is one of the largest exporters of wet grinders with "Coimbatore Wet Grinder", a recognized Geographical indication.[372][373]
There are two ordnance factories in Aruvankadu and
- Agriculture
Agriculture contributes 13% to the GSDP and is a major employment generator in rural areas.
As of 2022[update], the state is a largest producer of
Infrastructure
Water supply
The state accounts for nearly 4% of the land area and 6% of the population, but has only 3% of the water resources of the country and the per capita water availability is 800 m3 (28,000 cu ft) which is lower than the national average of 2,300 m3 (81,000 cu ft).
Water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the respective local administrative bodies such as the
Health and sanitation
The state is one of the leading states in terms of sanitation facilities with more than 99.96% of people having access to toilets.[404] The state has robust health facilities and ranks higher in all health related parameters such as high life expectancy of 74 years (sixth) and 98.4% institutional delivery (second).[196][405] Of the three demographically related targets of the Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations and expected to be achieved by 2015, Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009.[406][407]
The health infrastructure in the state includes both government-run and private hospitals. As of 2023[update], the state had 404 public hospitals, 1,776 public dispensaries, 11,030 health centers and 481 mobile units run by the government with a capacity of more than 94,700 beds.
Communication
Tamil Nadu is one of four Indian states connected by
Power and energy
Electricity distribution in the state is done by the
Media
Newspaper publishing started in the state started with the launch of the weekly The Madras Courier in 1785.
Government run
Others
Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services which operates 356 operating fire stations.[453] Postal service is handled by India Post, which operates more than 11,800 post offices in the state.[454] The first post office was established on 1 June 1786 at Fort St. George on 1 June 1786.[455]
Transportation
Road
Tamil Nadu has an extensive road network covering about 271,000 km as of 2023 with a road density of 2,084.71 kilometres (1,295.38 mi) per 1000 km2 which is higher than the national average of 1,926.02 kilometres (1,196.77 mi) per 1000 km2.
Type | NH | SH | MDR | ODR | OR | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length (km) | 6,805 | 12,291 | 12,034 | 42,057 | 197,542 | 271,000 |
There are 48 national highways of length 6,805 kilometres (4,228 mi) in the state and the National Highways Wing of the highways department of Tamil Nadu, established in 1971, is responsbile for the maintenance of
Rail
The rail network in Tamil Nadu forms a part of
Route length (km) | Track length (km) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broad Gauge | Metre Gauge | Total | Broad Gauge | Metre Gauge | Total | ||
Electrified | Non electrified | Total | |||||
3,476 | 336 | 3,812 | 46 | 3,858 | 5,555 | 46 | 5,601 |
Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network operated by Southern railway, covering 212 km (132 mi) which was established in 1928.
Air and space
The aviation history of the state began in 1910, when
Water
There are three major ports
Education
Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India with a literacy rate was estimated to be 82.9% as per the 2017 National Statistical Commission survey, higher than the national average of 77.7%.[191][494] The state had seen one of the highest literacy growth since the 1960s due to the midday meal scheme introduced on a large scale by K. Kamaraj to increase school enrollment.[495][496] The scheme was further upgraded in 1982 to 'Nutritious noon-meal scheme' to combat malnutrition.[497][498] As of 2022[update], the state has one of the highest enrollment to secondary education at 95.6%, far above the national average of 79.6%.[499] An analysis of primary school education by Pratham showed a low drop-off rate but poor quality of education compared to certain other states.[500]
As of 2022[update], the state had over 37,211 government schools, 8,403 government-aided schools and 12,631 private schools which educate 5.47 million, 2.84 million, and 5.69 million students respectively.
As of 2023[update], there are 56 universities in the state including 24
There are over 870 medical, nursing and dental colleges in the state including 21 for traditional medicine and four for modern medicine.
As of 2023[update], the state has 4622 public libraries.[524] Established in 1896, Connemara Public Library is one of the oldest and is amongst the four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country and the Anna Centenary Library is the largest library in Asia.[525][526] There are many research institutions spread across the state.[527] Chennai book fair is an annual book fair organized by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI) and is typically held in December–January.[528]
Tourism and recreation
With its diverse culture and architecture and varied geographies, Tamil Nadu has a robust tourism industry. In 1971, Government of Tamil Nadu established the Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation, which is the nodal agency responsible for the promotion of tourism and development of tourist related infrastructure in the state.[529] It is managed by the Tourism,Culture and Religious Endowments Department.[530] The tag line "Enchating Tamil Nadu" was adopted in the tourism promotions.[531][532] In the 21st century, the state has been amongst the top destinations for domestic and international tourists.[532][533] As of 2020[update], Tamil Nadu recorded the most tourist foot-falls with more than 140.7 million tourists visiting the state.[534]
Tamil Nadu has a 1,076 kilometres (669 mi) long coastline with many beaches dotting the coast.
Sports
Cricket is the most popular sport in the state.
There are multi-purpose venues in major cities including
See also
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External links
- Tamil Nadu at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Tamil Nadu at OpenStreetMap