Dipsadinae

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Dipsadinae
Temporal range: Miocene–recent [1]
Sibon longifrenis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Subfamily: Dipsadinae
Bonaparte, 1838
Synonyms

Dipsadina Bonaparte, 1838[2]
Dipsadidae Bonaparte, 1838

Dipsadinae is a large

snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Dipsadidae).[3][4][5][6][7] Species of the subfamily Dipsadinae are found in most of the Americas, including the West Indies, and are most diverse in South America.[8][9] There are more than 700 member species.[7]

Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes, typically less than 80 cm (31 in) in total length. Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are

Sibynomorphus, Tropidodipsas) are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs.[10][11][12][13][14] Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. Borikenophis, Cubophis, Heterodon, Hydrodynastes, Philodryas) have inflicted painful bites with local, non-life-threatening symptoms.[15]

Synonymy

Some authors refer to part or all of this group as

Contia).[17]

Genera

Within the Dipsadinae, the three major groups/clades or subfamilies are the Central American group ("Dipsadinae" sensu stricto), the South American + Caribbean group ("Xenodontinae"), and a small North American group (sometimes called the "Carphophiinae" or, incorrectly, "Heterodontinae").[a][17] In addition, a number of snake genera are likely to be dipsadines based on their morphology and geographic range, but because of the absence of genetic data and information about their closest relatives, they are considered genera incertae sedis and are not currently placed in a subgroup of the Dipsadinae.

Central American clade ("Dipsadinae" sensu stricto)

South American + Caribbean clade ("Xenodontinae")

North American clade ("Carphophiinae")

  • Carphophis Gervais, 1843
  • Contia
     Girard, 1853
  • Diadophis
     Girard, 1853
  • Farancia Gray, 1842
  • Heterodon Latreille (in Sonnini and Latreille), 1801

Genera incertae sedis

  • Cercophis
     Fitzinger, 1843
  • Crisantophis
     Villa, 1971
  • Diaphorolepis Jan, 1863
  • Emmochliophis Fritts & H.M. Smith, 1969
  • Enuliophis
     McCranie & Villa, 1993
  • Enulius Cope, 1870
  • Hydromorphus W. Peters, 1859
  • Lioheterophis
     Amaral, 1935
  • Nothopsis
     Cope 1871
  • Omoadiphas G. Köhler, Wilson & McCranie, 2001
  • Rhadinella H.M. Smith, 1941
  • Rhadinophanes
     Myers & Campbell, 1981
  • Sordellina
     Procter, 1923
  • Synophis Peracca 1896
  • Tantalophis
     Duellman, 1958
  • Thermophis Malnate, 1953 (the only Asian genus, likely at the base of the entire clade or at the base of the Dipdadinae + Natricinae clade)[20][21]

Notes

  1. ^ "Heterodontinae" is a subfamily of sharks; this problem is discussed in Appendix I of Grazziotin, F. G., H. Zaher, R. W. Murphy, G. Scrocchi, M. A. Benavides, Y.-P. Zhang, and S. L. Bonattoh (2012):[18] "The shark family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodontus Blainville, 1816) dates from Gray (1851: 65), but its use as the snake family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodon Latreille, 1801) dates from Bonaparte (1845) and it has not been used in the literature since. Thus both the genus and family names for snakes have priority over the sharks. However, the resurrection of the family name Heterodontidae for snakes (subfamily Heterodontinae in Vidal et al., 2007) causes unnecessary confusion owing to the long-standing use of the name for sharks (e.g. Compagno, 2002; Baldwin, 2005). Consequently, Rossman and Wilson (1965) and Zaher et al. (2009) argued that the family name should be applied only to sharks in the interest of maintaining nomenclatorial stability, a position that contrasts strongly with that of Vidal et al. (2007, 2010). According to Art. 52.2 of the Code, when two names ‘‘are homonyms, only the senior, as determined by the Principle of Priority, may be used as a valid name’’. We believe that if this clade of snakes continuously appears in phylogenetic studies, then it is desirable to petition the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside use of the family name for the snakes in favor of the sharks in the interest of nomenclatorial stability. An alternative nomenclature would be to change the spelling of the shark family to Heterodontusidae. In any case, we suggest the North American relictual Xenodontinae (sensu Pinou, 1993; Pinou et al., 2004) should not be referred to as the subfamily Heterodontinae until a well defined nomenclatural resolution is obtained." See also Rossman, D. A. and L. D. Wilson (1965).[19]

References

  1. ^ "Xenodontinae". Mindat.org.
  2. ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1838). "Synopsis vertebratorum systematis. Amphibiorum Tabula Analytica". Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali. 1: 391–397.
  3. PMID 23627680
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 21074626
    . Our results support monophyly of Colubridae, containing the traditionally recognized subfamilies Calamariinae, Colubrinae, Natricinae, Pseudoxenodontinae, and Dipsadinae.
  5. PMID 27603205
    .
  6. PMID 26475614
    .
  7. ^ a b Uetz, Peter. "Dipsadinae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  8. ^
    S2CID 84934386
    .
  9. ^ a b Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 622–626.
  10. S2CID 86226277
    .
  11. PMID 18262581
    .
  12. PMID 24661572
    .
  13. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ISBN 9780226459394
    .
  15. ^ Weinstein, S. A.; Warrell, D. A.; White, J.; Keyler, D. E. (2011). Venomous bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites. London: Elsevier.
  16. hdl:11449/71032
    .
  17. ^
    PMID 15223038
    .
  18. S2CID 84934386
    .
  19. ^ D. A. Rossman (1965). Comments on the Revival of the Colubrid Snake Subfamily Heterodontinae.
  20. S2CID 84653966. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  21. PMID 19249375. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
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