East Turkestan National Army
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East Turkestan National Army (Ili National Army) | |
---|---|
Gulija | |
Nickname(s) | Milli Armiye (National Army) |
Colors | Blue and white |
March | Kozghal! (Arise!) |
Equipment | 12 artillery pieces 42 Fighter planes |
Engagements | Ili Rebellion Chinese Civil War |
Commanders | |
Marshal-in-chief | Elihan Tore |
Political commissar | Abdulkerim Abbas |
Notable commanders | General Ishaq Beg Munonov, General Dalelkhan Sugirbayev, Major Barat Hacı, Lt. Colonel Yusupbek Mukhlisi |
The East Turkestan National Army (
History
The East Turkestan National Army was formed on 8 April 1945. Elihan Tore was the Marshal of the East Turkestan National Army until his exile to the Soviet Union.[3] Abdulkerim Abbas served as the INA's political director.[4]
According to M. Kutlukov, in September 1945, the National Army made decisive victories over Kuomintang troops in
On 22 December 1949, the National Army joined the People's Liberation Army as the Xinjiang 5th Corps,[5] but then was reformed. Its divisions were transferred to the newly-created Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps with all weapons of the divisions having been seized. Later, the national divisions were themselves entirely disbanded.[citation needed]
Structure
The National Army of the East Turkestan Republic was formed on 8 April 1945 and originally consisted of six regiments:
- Suidun infantry regiment
- Ghulja regiment
- Kensai regiment
- Ghulja reserve regiment
- Kazakh cavalry regiment
- Tungan regiment
- Sibo battalion
- Mongolbattalion
General conscription of all races, except the Chinese, into the National Army was enforced in the Ili zone.[6]
Later, Sibo and Mongol battalions were upgraded to regiments. When Kazakh irregulars under
The battle resulted in the capture of both Kuomintang bases and oil fields in
The National Army enlisted 25,000 to 30,000 troops. In accordance with the peace agreement with Chiang Kai-shek that was signed on 6 June 1946, that number was reduced to 11,000 to 12,000 troops and restricted to stations in only the Three Districts (Ili, Tarbaghatai and Altai) of northern Xinjiang. National Army detachments were also withdrawn from southern Xinjiang, leaving the strategic city of
The rebellion was broken on 19 August 1945 in the
By the end of 1945, Tashkurgan rebels had attacked Kashgar and Yarkand districts. On 2 January 1946, while the Preliminary Peace Agreement was signed in Ürümqi between ETR and Kuomintang representatives under Soviet mediation, rebels took
Only a few hundred of the 7000 rebels survived. The survivors retreated to the mountainous Pamir base in Qosrap (village in present-day Akto County). The National Army was partially active in Kashgar and Aksu from 1946 to 1949, the arrival of People's Liberation Army (PLA) units in Xinjiang.
Deng Liqun, a special envoy of Mao Zedong, arrived in Ghulja on 17 August 1949 to negotiate with the Three Districts leadership on the districts' future. Deng sent a secret telegram to Mao about the Three Districts forces the following day. He listed the forces as including about 14,000 troops, armed mostly with German weapons, heavy artillery, 120 military trucks and artillery-towing vehicles, and around 6,000 cavalry horses. Soviet military personnel were present in the Army and serviced 14 airplanes, which were used as bombers. On 22 December 1949, the National Army was incorporated into the PLA as its Xinjiang 5th Army Corps.
Ranks
The ranks of the national army of the
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- -尉 |
- 上士 |
- 中士 |
- 下士 |
- 等兵 |
- 列兵 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
– | Staff Sergeant | Sergeant | Corporal | Private 1st class | Private |
References
Citations
- ^ "历史上的新疆民族军:"三区革命"的主力军" [The Xinjiang National Army in History: The Main Force of the "Three-Region Revolution"]. 编辑:李晓江 (in Simplified Chinese). 青年军事·中国军网,来源:新疆哲学社会科学网. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- ^ Kutlukov, M. (1958). "East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949) in Xinjiang as part of Uyghur independence East Turkestan". Academy of Sciences of USSR. Tashkent.
- ^ Millward 2007: 219.
- ^ "哈吉娅•阿巴斯, 宣传党的民族政策——我的父亲阿不都克里木·阿巴索夫" [Hagia Abbas, propaganda of the party's national policy-my father Abdukrim Abbasov] (in Chinese). 14 March 2014.
- ^ "Parade Incorporating the East Turkistan National Army into the PLA's 5th Army Corps". East Turkistan Government in Exile. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ Perkins, E. Ralph, ed. (1947). "Unsuccessful attempts to resolve political problems in Sinkiang; extent of Soviet aid and encouragement to rebel groups in Sinkiang; border incident at Peitashan". The Far East: China (PDF). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947. Vol. VII. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 546–587. Documents 450–495.
- ^ "历史上的新疆民族军:"三区革命"的主力军" [The Xinjiang National Army in History: The Main Force of the "Three-Region Revolution"]. 编辑:李晓江 (in Simplified Chinese). 青年军事·中国军网,来源:新疆哲学社会科学网. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- ^ a b "图册:新疆民族军军服" [Photo album: Xinjiang National Army uniforms] (in Chinese). 24 October 2003. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
Sources
- Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231139243.
Further reading
- William W. Whitson, with Chen-hsia Huang. (1973) The Chinese high command – A history of Communist military politics, 1927–71. Foreword by Lucian W. Pye.