Education in Scotland

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Not to be confused with Education Scotland.

Education in Scotland

Logo of the Scottish Government
Education Scotland, an executive agency of the Scottish Government
Cabinet Secretary for Education and SkillsJenny Gilruth MSP
National education budget
Budget£2.6 bn[2]
Per student£3,855 (2004–2005)[1]‡
General details
Primary languagesEnglish, Scottish Gaelic, Scots
System typeNational
Compulsory education1872
Enrollment (2005[3])
Total1,452,240
Primary390,260
Secondary322,980
Post secondary739,000#
‡: Expenditure on Pre-school, Primary and Secondary education only.
#: 2004, All further and higher education institutions includes overseas students.

Education in Scotland is provided in

state schools, private schools and by individuals through homeschooling. Mandatory education in Scotland begins for children in Primary 1 (P1) at primary school and ends in Fourth Year (S4) at secondary school. Overall accountability and control of state–education in Scotland rests with the Scottish Government, and is overseen by its executive agency, Education Scotland, with additional responsibility for nursery schools being the joint responsibility of both Education Scotland and the Care Inspectorate. Scotland's private schools are overseen by the Scottish Council of Independent Schools.[4] Children in Scotland sit mandatory National Standardised Assessments in Primary 1 (P1), Primary 4 (P4), Primary 7 (P7) at the end of primary school, and Third Year (S3) in secondary school, which assist in monitoring children's progress and providing diagnostic data information to support teachers' professional judgement.[5]

Each of Scotland's 32 local authorities have control over the provision of mandatory education and early learning and childcare (nursery education; not mandatory) in their area and have a statutory requirement to ensure pupils in each area receive adequate and efficient provision of school education.

Schools (Consultation) (Scotland) Act 2010.[8]

Education in Scotland has a history of universal provision of

public education, and the Scottish education system is distinctly different from those in the other countries of the United Kingdom. The Scotland Act 1998 gives the Scottish Parliament legislative control over all education matters, and the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 is the principal legislation governing education in Scotland. Traditionally, the Scottish system at secondary school level has emphasised breadth across a range of subjects, while the English, Welsh and Northern Irish
systems have emphasised greater depth of education over a smaller range of advanced subjects.

The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD in 2018 ranked Scotland as second out of four in the UK (after England) for reading with an average above the OECD average, while scoring third in the UK, and its results steadly dropping, in maths and science, scoring at OECD average [9][10]

The 2021 Nuffield report noted that "Scottish pupils start off strongly at a young age, but then quickly fall behind their UK peers, particularly in maths, which we know has been an issue that Scotland has had to grapple with for several years."[11] In 2014, research by the Office for National Statistics found that Scotland was the most highly educated country in Europe and among the most well-educated in the world in terms of tertiary education attainment, above countries like Finland, Ireland and Luxembourg, with roughly 40% of Scots aged 16–64 educated to NVQ level 4 and above.[12]

History

Main article: History of education in Scotland

Provision of education in Scotland

Stages of compulsory education

Pupils and Early Years Minister Adam Ingram, Education and Lifelong Learning Secretary Fiona Hyslop and Schools and Skills Minister Maureen Watt with pupils at Avenue End Primary Campus in Glasgow.

Children start primary school aged between 4½ and 5½ depending on when the child's birthday falls.[13] Scottish school policy places all those born between March of a given year and February of the following year in the same year group. Children born between March and August start school in August at between 5 and 5½ years old, and those born between September and February start school in the previous August at between age 4½ and 4 years 11 months years old. The Scottish system is the most flexible in the UK, however, as parents of children born between September and December can decide to defer for 1 year (but may or may not receive a funded nursery place in the deferral year), whilst children born between January and February can opt to hold their child back a year and let them start school the following August, with guaranteed nursery funding. This usually allows those not ready for formal education to have an extra year at an early years centre (formerly known as nursery).

Pupils remain at primary school for seven years. Then aged eleven or twelve, they start secondary school for a compulsory four years with the following two years being optional. In Scotland, pupils sit National 4/5 exams (previously

Advanced Higher
exams.

A small number of students at certain private,

A and AS-Levels instead of (or alongside) Higher Grade and Advanced Higher exams. The International Baccalaureate
has also been introduced in some independent schools.

The table below lists rough equivalences with the year system in the rest of the United Kingdom (For England and Wales, the equivalence given is for children born before 1 September; the equivalence for those born from September to February [December for deferred pupils] is given in brackets):

Scotland Age at start of school year Age at end of school year England and Wales Northern Ireland
Nursery 3 4 Nursery Nursery
P1 (P = Primary) 4 5 Reception P1
P2 5 6 Year 1 P2
P3 6 7 Year 2 P3
P4 7 8 Year 3 P4
P5 8 9 Year 4 P5
P6 9 10 Year 5 P6
P7 10–11 11–12 Year 6 & 7 P7
S1 (First year) (S= Secondary) 11–12 12–13 Year 7 & 8 Year 8 (1st Year)
S2 (Second year) 12–13 13–14 Year 8 & 9 Year 9 (2nd Year)
S3 (Third year) 13–14 14–15 Year 9 & 10 Year 10 (3rd Year)
S4 (Fourth year) 14–15 15–16 Year 10 & 11 Year 11 (4th Year)
S5 (Fifth year) 15–16 16–17 Year 11 & 12 (Lower Sixth Form) Year 12 (5th Year)
S6 (Sixth year) 16–17 17–18 Year 12 & 13 (Upper Sixth Form) Year 13 (Lower 6th)
n/a n/a Year 13 (Upper Sixth Form) Year 14 (Upper 6th)

Access to education

Scottish school children during a classroom lesson
First Minister Alex Salmond visits a classroom at Turriff Academy

Government funded schools are free for children aged 5–19.[14] In many cases, this applies to children of international post-graduate students,[15] and other immigrants.

The age ranges specify the youngest age for a child entering that year and the oldest age for a child leaving that year. Playgroup can be described as a daycare centre for toddlers, then children may go on to attend an early years centre as soon as they have passed their third birthday, and progress to Primary 1 in the August of the year in which they turn five. In general, the cut-off point for ages is the end of February, so all children must be of a certain age on 1 March to begin class in August. All parents of children born between September and February (i.e. still 4 years old on the school start date) are entitled to defer entry to Primary School if they believe their child is not ready for school. Only children whose birthdays fall in January or February will be considered for funding for a subsequent year at an early years centre, unless there are special circumstances.

Children may leave school once they reach their statutory school leaving date; this is dependent on date of birth. For children born between 1 March and 30 September, this date is 31 May of their 4th year of secondary school. For children born between 1 October and 28 February, the last day of June is the first date they may leave school if they have a placement at college and the school have signed the health & safety forms. Which high school the children go to depends on the area where they live, known as the "catchment area", which has a specific high school that takes children who live in that area. Parents can also apply for a placement request if they would like their child to attend a school outside their catchment area and a panel will decide if the child is the most worthy (out of all placing requests) to take one of the spaces left after all children from the catchment area have been taken.

Access to secondary school education in Scotland's island communities can be complex. Due to lower population numbers in some of Scotland's island settlements, not every island community can have a secondary school given low pupil numbers and the financial strain this can present by having a secondary school open and operational for what, in some cases, can be a lower than average pupil roll.[16] In some areas, pupils attending secondary school require to travel from island communities to the mainland for access to secondary education, with children residing in residential accommodation (also called hostels) on the mainland during school term-term to avoid having to make lengthy travel back to their island communities.[16] The Scottish Government has pledged to ensure that "island students be put on an equal platform with their counterparts from the mainland".[16]

The table below lists list the numbers of children, schools and teachers in all publicly funded schools:[17]

Children Schools Teachers Early Years Practitioners pupil:teacher ratio
Nursery 102,871 2,504 1,288 23,400[18] 79.9
Primary 377,372 2,056 22,905 N/a 16.5
Secondary 289,164 364 23,695 N/a 12.2
Special 6,984 149 2,020 N/a 3.5

Home education

Home education is also legal in Scotland. Parents wishing to home educate do not need the permission of the Local Authority unless the children are already registered at a school. There are no exact numbers available for children being educated at home in Scotland.[19]

Qualifications and assessments

First Minister Nicola Sturgeon with pupils, launching the National Improvement Framework which also conducted a review of national standardised assessments in Scottish schools

All educational qualifications in Scotland are part of the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework, ranging between Scottish Qualifications Authority qualifications, Scottish Vocational Qualifications and higher education qualifications. Pupils in Primary 1, Primary 4 and Primary 7 at primary school sit a set of national standardised assessments, with secondary pupils sitting the national standardised assessments in S3 in literacy, reading and numeracy. The assessments provided data and information to track pupils progress in education and allows the Scottish Government to collate data across Scotland regarding educational performance.[20]

The National Improvement Framework for Scottish Education was launched to ensure that children and young people in Scottish education experience a range of opportunities to learn and develop skills and capacities and ensuring that children and young people experience a broad general education.[21] The National Improvement Framework document highlighted six key drivers for improvement in Scottish education; School and Early Learning and Childcare leadership, teacher and Early Years Practitioner professionalism, parental/carer involvement and engagement, curriculum and assessment, school and Early Learning and Childcare improvement and performance information.[22]

Progression in Qualifications

S4 S5 S6
National 3 National 4 National 5
National 4 National 5 Higher
National 5 Higher Advanced Higher

The vast majority of Scottish pupils take

CSYS) in S6 can be taken. Previous qualifications Intermediate 1 and Intermediate 2
– were intended to be roughly equivalent to General and Credit Level Standard Grades respectively.

Pupils can go to university at the end of S5, as Highers provide the entry requirements for Scottish universities where degrees are normally four years long; however, recently it is more common for students to remain until S6, taking further Highers and/or taking Advanced Highers. The majority of English universities, the most popular choice for Scottish students who wish to study university degrees outside of Scotland, require Advanced Higher qualification levels as these are deemed by the English universities to be most similar to A-levels.

such schools in 22 of the 32 Local Authority areas. At September 2011 the total pupil population in Scotland was 702,104, of which 31,425 pupils, or 4.5%, were being educated in independent schools.[24]

Qualifications at the secondary school and

pre-school, primary, education, further and community education; with the Scottish office of the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education
(QAA Scotland) responsible for higher education.

National Curriculum

Main article: Curriculum for Excellence
A review of Curriculum for Excellence gave powers to teachers to remove unnecessary bureaucracy

Unlike England's nationally followed National Curriculum, Scotland had no national standards for some time. In 2003, work began on an education reform programme, to produce a new Curriculum for Excellence that would replace existing guidance on the school curriculum.[26] Curriculum for Excellence was launched in Scottish secondary schools from school session 2012–2013. In 2017, new reforms were introduced moving control over curriculum and schools more towards head teachers and parents.[27][28] Additional recommendations were made regarding the level of bureaucracy attached to Curriculum for Excellence that had been raised by teachers and Early Years Practitioners as a major problem with the curriculum. Following a review, in 2017, the Scottish Government introduced a new framework that would empower teachers and Early Years Practitioners to remove the unnecessary levels of bureaucracy that had been attached to Curriculum for Excellence, planning and evaluating for children's progress and learning and the paperwork involved in Scottish education as a whole.[29]

A review was undertaken by the

OECD, having been commissioned by the Scottish Government to look at the broad general education.[30]

Religion in schools

The majority of schools are non-

Education (Scotland) Act 1918 brought Roman Catholic schools within the State education system, ensuring the promotion of a Roman Catholic ethos within such schools.[31]

Governance and scrutiny

Further information: Education Scotland

The

Minister for Further Education, Higher Education and Science and the Minister for Employability and Training.[32]

The Care Inspectorate regulates Early Learning and Childcare provision in Scotland. The Care Inspectorate publish their own independent inspection reviews of early years provision, and also liaises with Education Scotland frequently to conduct an inspection process for stand alone nurseries (those not attached to a primary school). Nursery classes or early years centres attached to a primary school are inspected by Education Scotland as part of the primary school inspection. [33][34] In addition to an inspection by Education Scotland inspectors, nursery classes and early years centres are also required to be inspected by the Care Inspectorate.[33]

Education Scotland is solely responsible for the inspection of Scotland's primary, secondary and additional support needs schools, and like the Care Inspectorate, can also produce their own independent inspection reviews of early learning and childcare establishments in Scotland.[35]

Ministers responsible

Cabinet Secretaries and Ministers overseeing Education in Scotland
Portfolio Minister Image Areas of Responsibility
Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills
Jenny Gilruth MSP School Standards
Quality and Improvement
School Infrastructures and Staffing
Educational Attainment
Qualifications
Teaching profession
Behaviour and anti-bullying measures
Named Person and Looked After policies
Youth Work
Early Years Education
Children's Services
Children's hearing
Minister for Children, Young People and Keeping the Promise
 Natalie Don MSP Adoption and fostering
Early Years
Childcare
Child Protection
Children's Rights
Looked After Children
Protection of Vulnerable Groups
Social Services Workforce
Minister for Higher and Further Education
 Graeme Dey MSP Further education
Colleges
Universities
Student Funding
STEM Subjects
Widening access

Secondary schools

Kilmarnock Academy is the only school in Scotland to have educated two Nobel Prize Laureates[36][37]

Secondary education is provided by secondary schools throughout Scotland, both in the state and independent sector. The vast majority of schools in the state sector are administered directly by the local Education Authority, which is synonymous with the 32 councils used for local government.[38]

There are three broad classifications of schools in Scotland:[39]

School naming

Marr College in Troon, South Ayrshire, carries the name College rather than High School or Academy

There is not a set name for secondary schools in Scotland, but whatever they might be called, with just a few specific exceptions in mainly rural or island authorities, state secondary schools in Scotland are fully comprehensive and non-selective. Amongst the state-run secondary schools:

Other schools include The Community School of Auchterarder,

Orkney Islands and Wester Hailes Education Centre, Wester Hailes
, Edinburgh. All of these are, equally, fully comprehensive non-selective schools, differing only in designation from all other state secondary schools in Scotland.

Attainment

Deputy First Minister John Swinney chairs a meeting of the International Council of Education Advisers

In 2015, the Scottish Government launched the Scottish Attainment Challenge which aims to achieve equity in educational outcomes throughout Scotland. The Scottish Government envisages equity being achieved by ensuring every child has the same opportunity to succeed, with a particular focus on closing the poverty-related attainment gap. It is underpinned by national Scottish educational policies such as Curriculum for Excellence, Getting it Right for Every Child (GIRFEC) as well as the National Improvement Framework.[40] The attainment challenge focuses and accelerates targeted improvement activity in literacy, numeracy and health and wellbeing in specific areas of Scotland, known as "challenge authorities" (those councils with a higher percentage of children growing up in poverty and deprivation). At a cost of £750 million to the Scottish Government through the Attainment Scotland Fund, the challenge is a targeted initiative focused on supporting pupils in the local authorities of Scotland with the highest concentrations of deprivation. Currently, the nine 'Challenge Authorities' are Glasgow City Council, Dundee City Council, Inverclyde, West Dunbartonshire, North Ayrshire, Clackmannanshire, North Lanarkshire, East Ayrshire and Renfrewshire.[40]

On 1 February 2017 the share each primary and secondary school will receive for the academic year 2017–2018 from the Scottish Government's £120 million Pupil Equity Funding was announced by the Deputy First Minister and Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills John Swinney. This funding is provided through the Attainment Scotland Fund and allocated directly to schools, targeted at those children most affected by the poverty related attainment gap.[40]

Literacy and numeracy

The SNP-led government launched the Scottish Survey of Literacy and Numeracy in 2011.[41] The survey showed a sustained decline in basic literacy and numeracy among school pupils over six years.[42] It was then scrapped by the government and its measures of literacy were replaced in part with a system based on teacher judgements.[41] The teacher judgement data from December 2018 indicated that 70% of pupils achieved the expected literacy level by the end of primary school.[41]

The government withdrew Scotland from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study in 2010, making international comparisons of literacy difficult.[43] It remains part of the Programme for International Student Assessment, which shows that Scotland's international standing in reading and mathematics (as well as science) in schools fell between the first decade of the century and 2018.[43]

The Scottish Survey of Adult Literacies in 2009 reported that 26.7% of adults in Scotland "may face occasional challenges and constrained opportunities due to their literacy difficulties, but will generally cope with their day-to-day lives". Of that group, 3.6% "face serious challenges in their literacy practices".[44]

Music education

Music education is available at several levels. Formal music education begins at 4½ years and can progress as high as postgraduate studies. Music education can take place within a Scottish Music school; through a music service or privately.

Scottish Gaelic medium education

Main article:
Gaelic medium education in Scotland

Some schools in Scotland provide education given in the Scottish Gaelic language. They are mainly located in the main cities of Scotland and in areas with higher numbers of Gaelic speakers. Gaelic medium education is becoming increasingly popular throughout Scotland, and the number of pupils who are in Gaelic medium education at primary school level has risen from 24 in 1985, to 2500 in the 2012–13 school year.[45]

Further education

Forth Valley College gives HNC and vocational courses
Main article: List of further education colleges in Scotland

further education colleges
available to people having reached the end of compulsory education at 16. In the early 2010s, colleges were merged to form larger, regional institutions.

Colleges offer a wide range of vocational qualifications to young people and older adults, including vocational, competency-based qualifications (previously known as

Higher National Diplomas
. In Scotland, FE college students receiving certain qualifications – frequently HNC and HND qualifications in a relevant subject – can apply for entry at a later stage at university.

Further education colleges also provide support to apprenticeship programmes, which are coordinated by the public body Skills Development Scotland.

Higher education

Main article: Universities in Scotland
See also:
List of Universities in Scotland
The Main Building of Queen Margaret University

There are fifteen universities in Scotland and three other institutions of higher education which have the authority to award

academic degrees.[46] The oldest is St. Andrews, which was founded in 1413. Three other "ancient universities", Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh, date from before 1600.[47] The University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) gained full university status in 2011, having been created through the federation of 13 colleges and research institutions across the Highlands and Islands, a process that began in 2001.[48]

All Scottish universities have the power to award degrees at all levels: undergraduate, taught postgraduate, and doctoral. Education in Scotland is controlled by the

Privy Council which takes advice from the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education.[50][51]

All Scottish universities are

research council studentship for a PhD). A representative body called Universities Scotland works to promote Scotland's universities, as well as six other higher education institutions.[53]

The university sector in Scotland had a total income of £3.5 billion in 2014/15 with the Scottish Government giving approximately £623 million in funding for individual university student support. The Scottish Funding Council contributing £1.1 billion of public money to the fifteen universities, this was a six per cent reduction since 2010/11.[54]

In 2014–15, approximately 232,570 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in Scotland, of which 56% were female and 44% male, with 66% being domiciled in Scotland, 12% from the rest of the United Kingdom, 9% from the EU and the remaining 13% being

The Open University via distance-learning, and the Open University teaches 40 per cent of Scotland's part-time undergraduates.[55]

In the 2019

University of St. Andrews (at 97). Other high ranked universities are the University of Aberdeen (at 172), University of Strathclyde (at 268), University of Dundee (at 272), Heriot-Watt University (at 302) and University of Stirling (at 417).[56]

Tuition fees are handled by the Student Awards Agency Scotland (SAAS), which pays the fees of what it defines as "Young Students". Young Students are defined as those under 25, without children, marriage, civil partnership or cohabiting partner, who have not been outside of full-time education for more than three years. Fees must be paid by those outside the young student definition, typically from £1,200 to £1,800 for undergraduate courses, dependent on year of application and type of qualification. Postgraduate fees can be up to £3,400.[57] The system has been in place since 2007 when graduate endowments were abolished.[58] Labour's education spokesperson Rhona Brankin criticised the Scottish system for failing to address student poverty.[59]

Scotland's universities are complemented in the provision of Further and Higher Education by 43 colleges. Colleges offer National Certificates, Higher National Certificates, and Higher National Diplomas. These Group Awards, alongside Scottish Vocational Qualifications, aim to ensure Scotland's population has the appropriate skills and knowledge to meet workplace needs. In 2014, research reported by the Office for National Statistics found that Scotland was the most highly educated country in Europe and among the most well-educated in the world in terms of tertiary education attainment, with roughly 40% of people in Scotland aged 16–64 educated to NVQ level 4 and above.[60] Based on the original data for EU statistical regions, all four Scottish regions ranked significantly above the European average for completion of tertiary-level education by 25- to 64-year-olds.[61]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Arnott, Margaret, and Jenny Ozga. "Education and nationalism: The discourse of education policy in Scotland." Discourse: Studies in the cultural politics of education 31.3 (2010): 335–350.
  • Clark, Margaret, and Pamela Munn. Education in Scotland (Taylor & Francis, 1998) online.
  • Munn, Pamela, et al. "Schools for the 21st century: the national debate on education in Scotland." Research Papers in Education 19.4 (2004): 433–452. Online
  • Passow, A. Harry et al. The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems. (1976) online
  • Riddell, Sheila. Higher Education in Scotland and the UK (Edinburgh University Press, 2015).

External links

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