St Andrews
St Andrews
| |
---|---|
St Andrews, seen from the top of St Rule's Tower | |
Location within Fife | |
Population | 18,410 (mid-2020 est.)[1] |
OS grid reference | NO507168 |
• Edinburgh | 30 mi (48 km) |
• London | 351 mi (565 km) |
Community council |
|
Council area | |
Lieutenancy area | |
Country | Scotland |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | ST. ANDREWS |
Postcode district | KY16 |
Dialling code | 01334 |
Police | Scotland |
Fire | Scottish |
Ambulance | Scottish |
UK Parliament | |
Scottish Parliament | |
St Andrews (
The town is home to the University of St Andrews, the third oldest university in the English-speaking world and the oldest in Scotland.[6] It was ranked as the best university in the UK by the 2022 Good University Guide, which is published by The Times and The Sunday Times.[7][8] According to other rankings, it is ranked as one of the best universities in the United Kingdom.[9][10]
The town is named after
St Andrews is also known globally as the "
The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of
The town also contains numerous museums, a botanic garden and an aquarium.
Name and etymology
The earliest recorded name of the area is Cennrígmonaid. This is
History
The first inhabitants who settled on the estuary fringes of the rivers Tay and Eden during the mesolithic (middle Stone Age) came from the plains in Northern Europe between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE.[18] This was followed by the nomadic people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BCE as farmers clearing the area of woodland and building monuments.[18]
In the mid-eighth century a monastery was established by the Pictish king
In AD 906, the town became the seat of the bishop of Alba, with the boundaries of the see being extended to include land between the River Forth and River Tweed.[21] In 940 Constantine III abdicated and took the position of abbot of the monastery of St Andrews.[22]
The establishment of the present town began around 1140 by Bishop Robert on an L-shaped hill, possibly on the site of the ruined St Andrews Castle.[23] According to a charter of 1170, the new burgh was built to the west of the Cathedral precinct, along Castle Street and possibly as far as what is now known as North Street.[19] This means that the lay-out may have led to the creation of two new streets (North Street and South Street) from the foundations of the new St Andrews Cathedral filling the area inside a two-sided triangle at its apex.[19] The northern boundary of the burgh was the southern side of the Scores (the street between North Street and the sea) with the southern by the Kinness Burn and the western by the West Port.[24] The burgh of St Andrews was first represented at the great council at Scone Palace in 1357.[24]
St Andrews, in particular the large cathedral built in 1160, was the most important centre of pilgrimage in medieval Scotland and one of the most important in Europe. Pilgrims from all over Scotland came in large numbers hoping to be blessed, and in many cases to be cured, at the shrine of Saint Andrew. The presence of the pilgrims brought about increased trade and development.
In 1559, the town fell into decay after the violent
In 1951, The Masque of St. Andrews, which dramatised important events in the town's history, was staged in the Cathedral grounds as part of the Festival of Britain.[32]
Governance
Local government
St Andrews is represented by several tiers of elected government. Prior to 1975 the town was governed by a burgh council, a
The Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council, meeting on the first Monday of the month in the Council Chamber of St Andrews Town Hall, forms the lowest tier of governance whose statutory role is to communicate local opinion to local and central government. The current Chair is Mrs Penelope Fraser. The Chair uses the honorary title of Provost of St Andrews on official and ceremonial occasions, this ancient title having been revived to mark the 400th Anniversary of the granting of Royal Burgh status to St Andrews in 1620 by King James VI & I.
UK Parliament
In the early days of the United Kingdom, following implementation of the union of 1707, St Andrews elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the United Kingdom Parliament.[34] Following the implementation of the Reform Act 1832 St Andrews Burgh merged with Anstruther for the purposes of electing one MP to the United Kingdom Parliament.[34] Following implementation of the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, there was one MP sitting for St Andrews Burgh (which would include Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, Crail, Cupar, Kilrenny and Pittenweem).[34]
St Andrews now forms part of the North East Fife constituency, electing one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first past the post system. The constituency is represented by Wendy Chamberlain, MP of the Scottish Liberal Democrats. For the purposes of the Scottish Parliament, St Andrews forms part of the North East Fife constituency. The North East Fife Scottish Parliament (or Holyrood) constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation. The seat was won at the 2016 Scottish Parliament Election by Willie Rennie, for the Scottish Liberal Democrats.[35][36]
Demography
St Andrews | Fife | Scotland | |
---|---|---|---|
Total population | 14,209 | 349,429 | 5,062,011 |
Foreign born | 11.60% | 1.18% | 1.10% |
Over 75 years old | 10.51% | 7.46% | 7.09% |
Unemployed | 1.94% | 3.97% | 4.0% |
According to the 2001 census, St Andrews had a total population of 14,209.[37] The population increased to around 16,680 in 2008[41] and 16,800 in 2012[1] The demographic make-up of the population is much in line with the rest of Scotland. The age group from 16 to 29 forms the largest portion of the population (37%).[37] The median age of males and females living in St Andrews was 29 and 34 years respectively, compared to 37 and 39 years for those in the whole of Scotland.[37]
The place of birth of the town's residents was 87.78% United Kingdom (including 61.80% from Scotland), 0.63% Republic of Ireland, 4.18% from other European Union countries, and 7.42% from elsewhere in the world.[37] The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 23.94% in full-time employment, 8.52% in part-time employment, 4.73% self-employed, 1.94% unemployed, 31.14% students with jobs, 9.08% students without jobs, 13.24% retired, 2.91% looking after home or family, 2.84% permanently sick or disabled, and 1.67% economically inactive for other reasons.[39]
Economy
St Andrews, whose economy stands at £660 million, relies heavily on tourism and education. In 2016, one out of every five jobs in St Andrews is related to tourism.[42]
St Andrews is often considered as an expensive destination. In 2016, St Andrews was reported to be home to the "Most Expensive Street in Scotland", with average house prices in The Scores in excess of 2 million pounds.[43]
Weather and climate
St Andrews has a
The absolute maximum temperature is 31.3 °C (88.3 °F), recorded in July 2022. In a typical year, the warmest day[44] should reach 26.1 °C (79.0 °F) and a total of 2 days[45] should record a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above. The warmest calendar month (since 1960) was July 2006,[46] with a mean temperature of 16.8 °C (62.2 °F) (mean maximum of 21.6 °C (70.9 °F), mean minimum of 11.9 °C (53.4 °F))
The absolute minimum temperature (since 1960) stands at −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) recorded during February 1972,[47] although in an 'average' year, the coldest night should only fall to −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).[48] Typically, just short of 60 nights a year will experience an air frost. The coldest calendar month (since 1960) was December 2010,[49] with a mean temperature of −0.8 °C (30.6 °F) (mean maximum 1.9 °C (35.4 °F), mean minimum −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) )
Rainfall, at little more than 650 mm per year makes St Andrews one of the driest parts of Scotland, shielded from Atlantic weather systems by several mountain ranges. Over 1 mm of rain is recorded on just under 117 days of the year.
Sunshine, averaging in excess of 1,500 hours a year is amongst the highest for Scotland, and comparable to inland parts of Southern England. St Andrews is about the furthest north annual levels of above 1500 hours are encountered.
All averages refer to the 1971–2000 observation period.
Climate data for Leuchars, elevation 10 m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960– | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
15.2 (59.4) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.8 (87.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.2 (54.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) |
0.6 (33.1) |
1.8 (35.2) |
3.2 (37.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
10.3 (50.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
5.7 (42.3) |
2.4 (36.3) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.7 (7.3) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−3 (27) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.4 (36.3) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 68.6 (2.70) |
45.8 (1.80) |
49.5 (1.95) |
43.9 (1.73) |
49.5 (1.95) |
51.1 (2.01) |
46.8 (1.84) |
47.2 (1.86) |
61.7 (2.43) |
66.4 (2.61) |
57.3 (2.26) |
66.2 (2.61) |
653.9 (25.74) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 58.9 | 76.6 | 119.0 | 152.1 | 195.0 | 191.1 | 190.7 | 173.9 | 133.2 | 105.4 | 77.4 | 49.9 | 1,523.2 |
Source: Met Office[50] |
Transport
The
Nowadays, the only public transport to reach trains at Leuchars or to connect other towns in Fife is the Stagecoach bus station located near the town centre. Stagecoach's Route 99 (and its alternate routes 99A, 99B, 99C, 99D) connects St Andrews to Dundee via Leuchars with buses up to every ten minutes. Moffat & Williamson operates Route 92 (and 92A, 92B, 92C) on a lesser frequency from Balmullo via Leuchars station to St Andrews before looping the town.[52] There are also some local bus service that links the town centre to St Andrews Community Hospital in the south.
St Andrews Bus Station provides frequent bus services to most towns in
Roads
Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by
Local radio stations are
The St Andrews Citizen is the town's local newspaper [56] including student newspapers which are published from the University of St Andrews, The Saint and The Stand.[57][58]
Landmarks
St Andrews was once bounded by several "ports" (the Lowland Scots word for a town gate). Two are still extant: So'gait port (South Street, now called West Port) and the Sea Yett (as The Pends terminates to the harbour). The West Port is one of few surviving town "Ports" in Scotland[59] and is a scheduled monument.[60] The towers were influenced by those seen at the base of the Netherbow Port in Edinburgh.[61] The central archway which displays semi-octagonal "rownds" and "battling" is supported by corbelling and neatly moulded passageways. Side arches and relief panels were added to the port, during the reconstruction between 1843 and 1845.[61]
The Category A listed[62] Holy Trinity (also known as the Holy Trinity Parish Church or "town kirk") is the most historic church in St Andrews.[63] The church was initially built on land, close to the south-east gable of the cathedral, around 1144, and was dedicated in 1234 by Bishop David de Bernham. It then moved to a new site on the north side of South Street between 1410 and 1412 by bishop Warlock.[61][63] Much of the architecture feature of the church was lost in the re-building by Robert Balfour between 1798 and 1800.[64] The church was later restored to a (more elaborately decorated) approximation of its medieval appearance between 1907 and 1909 by MacGregor Chambers.[61][65]
The ruins of St Andrews Castle are situated on a cliff-top to the north of the town.[70][71] The castle was first erected around 1200 as the residence, prison and fortress of the bishops of the diocese. Several reconstructions occurred in subsequent centuries, most notably due to damage incurred in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
The castle was occupied, besieged and stormed during
The majority of the castle seen today dates to between 1549 and 1571. The work was commissioned by John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews) in a renaissance style which made the building a comfortable, palatial residence while still remaining well-fortified.[70] After the Reformation, the castle passed to several owners, who could not maintain its structure and the building deteriorated into a ruin. The castle is now a scheduled monument administered by Historic Environment Scotland.[72]
The
Education
Today, St Andrews is home to one secondary school, one private school and three primary schools.[75] Canongate Primary School, which opened in 1972 is located off the Canongate, beside the St Andrews Botanic Garden. The school roll was recorded in February 2008 as 215.[76] Lawhead Primary School, which opened in 1974 is on the western edge of the town. The school roll was recorded in September 2009 as 181.[77] Greyfriars Primary School is a Roman Catholic school located in the southern part of the town.
Madras College is the sole secondary school in the town. The school which opened to pupils in 1833 was based on a Madras system – founded and endowed by Andrew Bell (1755–1832), a native of the town.[78][79] Prior to the opening, Bell was interested in the demand for a school which was able to teach both poor and privileged children on one site.[78] The high reputation of the school meant that many children came from throughout Britain to be taught there, often lodging with masters or residents in the town.[78] The school was located on two campuses – Kilrymont, (which opened in 1967) and South Street (incorporating the original 1833 building). Pupils in S1-S3 are served by Kilrymont and S4-S6 by South Street.[80]
Plans to build a replacement for Madras College on a single site have been ongoing since 2006. Originally, the school was in negotiations with the University of St Andrews for a joint new build at Lang Lands on land owned by the university. The plans, which were scrapped in August 2011, would have seen the school share the university's playing fields.[81] In October 2011, a scoring exercise drawn up by the council to decide the best location for the new Madras College was put before parents, staff and the local community to ask for their views. A £40-million redevelopment of the Kilrymont building proved to be most popular and was officially given the go-ahead in November 2011.[82][83] This decision was met with controversy from parents, staff and the local community.[83] Following a decision from a group of senior councillors to analyse the other potential sites than push ahead with the controversial redevelopment, The new Building was finished in 2021.[83][84] In August 2020, it was reported that the college will sell its Kilrymont site and built a replacement school at Langlands.[85]
The private school known as St Leonards School was initially established as the St Andrews School for girls company in 1877. The present name was taken in 1882 when a move to St Leonards House was made.[86] The school is now spread across thirty acres between Pends Road and Kinnesburn.[86] A private school for boys was also set up in 1933 as New Park. The operations of the school merged with the middle and junior sections of St Leonards to become St Leonards-New Park in 2005.[86]
The
Sport and recreation
Golf
St Andrews is known widely as the "home of golf".
Other leisure facilities in the town include a canoe club, a senior football club (St Andrews United), a rugby club (known as Madras Rugby Club), tennis club, university sports centre, and a links golf driving range. The East Sands Leisure Centre, which opened in 1988, sits on the outskirts of the town as the town's swimming pool with gym facilities.
West Sands Beach
West Sands Beach in St Andrews, Scotland,
The 2-mile-long (3 km) beach is adjacent to the famous St Andrews Links golf course.[103] Sand dunes on the beach, which have long protected the golf course, are themselves in danger of eroding away, and are the subject of a restoration project.[104]
Places of interest
Byre Theatre
The Byre Theatre was founded in 1933 by Charles Marford, an actor (found in the Who's Who of 1921) and Alexander B. Paterson, a local journalist and playwright, with help from a theatre group made up from members of Hope Park Church, St Andrews. The third and current building was opened in 2001 by Sir Sean Connery. Its main auditorium is named after A.B. Paterson. There is also a second 60-seat performance space named after the late golf photographer, Lawrence Levy. The theatre is said to be haunted by the benevolent ghost of Charles Marford, one of its founders.
Lade Braes Walk
The Lade Braes Walk is a scenic public footpath of about 1+1⁄2 miles (2.5 kilometres) that follows the route of a medieval mill
Museum
The St Andrews Museum is a municipal museum focusing on the history of the town of St Andrews in St Andrews established in 1991 it is located in Kinburn Park. It holds a collection of objects of historical value that are related to the town from the earliest times up to the twentieth century.[111] It is located in the historic Kinburn house named after the Battle of Kinburn during the Crimean War.
University Museum
The Museum of the University of St Andrews is a small museum dedicated to the history of the University of St Andrews. The museum, which is free to enter, looks at the university's foundation, student life at the university, and innovative ideas and inventions associated with staff, students, and alumni. The museum also shows a range of temporary exhibitions on different themes. Highlights of the displays include the university's three medieval maces, which are rare examples of ornate ceremonial University maces from the 15th century, and a large astrolabe dating from 1575.[112]
Botanic Garden
See main article
The St Andrews Botanic Garden is an 18-acre botanical garden in the Canongate suburb to the south of the town. It contains more than 8000 species of native and exotic plants. These are laid out in zones of woodland, meadow, shrubbery, herbaceous bedding, a large rockery and a series of ponds. There are also vegetable and herb gardens, and several large greenhouses, one of which contains a butterfly house. There is an entrance fee for most visitors with some exceptions (e.g. juniors, students or faculties of the University of St Andrews).[113]
Aquarium
The St Andrews Aquarium is located on the cliff foot of the Scores overlooking West Sands. The family-owned establishment features a variety of tropical and native fish species, alongside penguins, marmosets, meerkats, and seals, which have multiple daily feeding sessions.[114]
International relations
As of St. Andrew's Day 2015, the town is formally twinned with the French medieval town of Loches, with which it had previously shared a cultural exchange for over two decades.[115]
Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City and Royal Burgh of St Andrews.
Individuals
- Benjamin Franklin: 1759.[116]
- Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin: 19 July 1902.[117]
- Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII).[118]
- Robert Tyre Jones Jr.: 1958.[119]
- Jack Nicklaus: 11 July 2022.[120]
Military units
- RAF Leuchars: 1968.
See also
- All Saints Church, St Andrews
- Bishop of St Andrews
- Celtic art – Pictish stones at St Andrews.
- The New Picture House
- St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews
- St Andrews Community Hospital
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews Botanic Garden
- List of town defences in Scotland
References
Notes
- ^ a b "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ "The Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council Website". www.standrewscc.net.
- ^ Variously Sancto Andrea, civitas Sancti Andrea, urbs Sancti Andreæ, urbs Sancti Andree, Sanctus Andrea, &c.
- ^ "Names in Scots – Places in Scotland". scotslanguage.com. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ "Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba (AÀA) – Gaelic Place-names of Scotland". www.ainmean-aite.scot.
- ^ "History | University of St Andrews". www.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
- ^ McCall, Alastair (18 September 2021). "St Andrews knocks Oxbridge off top spot as best British university". The Times. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
- ^ "Good University Guide 2022". The Times. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
- ^ "University league tables 2023". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
- ^ "The Complete University Guide". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ Census of Scotland 2011, Table KS101SC – Usually Resident Population, publ. by National Records of Scotland. Web site http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ retrieved March 2016. See "Standard Outputs", Table KS101SC, Area type: Civil Parish 1930
- ISBN 9789004188013. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ Gifford, J., The Buildings of Scotland: Fife (Yale UP, 1988), p. 357.
- ^ James, Grierson (1838). Saint Andrews as it was and as it is (3 ed.). Cupar: Printed by G.S. Tullis. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
- ^ Fleming, David Hay (1910). Handbook to St. Andrews. St. Andrews: J. & G. Innes. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
- ^ Fleming, David Hay (1887). The Martyrs and Confessors of St. Andrews. Cupar: "Fife Herald" Office. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ^ Thomson, J. H.; Hutchison, Matthew (1903). The martyr graves of Scotland. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier. pp. 210–211. Retrieved 30 July 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b Lamont-Brown St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea pp.1–2.
- ^ a b c Gifford Buildings of Scotland – Fife p.357.
- ^ Raymond Lamont-Brown, St Andrews: City by the Northern Sea (Edinburgh: Berlinn, 2006), 9.
- ^ Lamont-Brown St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea p.16.
- ^ Gifford, Buildings of Scotland:Fife p.357
- ^ Lamont-Brown Fife in History and Legend p.71.
- ^ a b Gifford The Buildings of Scotland: Fife p.359.
- ^ Omand,D. (ed.) The Fife Book, Birlinn Ltd, 2000, p.118
- ^ a b c d e f Cook Old St Andrews p.3.
- ^ "Edward I's Parliaments in Scotland: Translation, 1304, 9 March, St Andrews, Parliament". Records of the Parliament of Scotland. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ Lamont-Brown St Andrews – The City by the Northern Sea p.188.
- ^ Lamont-Brown Fife in History and Legend p.76.
- ^ Lamont-Brown St Andrews –City by The Northern Sea p.19.
- ^ Omand The Fife Book p.109.
- ISBN 9-780954-556808
- ^ a b "Reserved and devolved matters". Scotland Office. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
- ^ a b c Lamont-Brown St Andrews – The City by the Northern Sea p.190.
- ^ "Willie Rennie MSP". Scottish Parliament. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^ "Holyrood 2016: Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie takes seat from SNP". BBC News. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Comparative Populartion: St Andrews Locality Scotland". scrol.co.uk. 2001. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ "Comparative Population Profile: Fife Council Area Scotland". scrol.gov.uk. 2001. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ a b "Comparative Employment Profile: St Andrews Locality Scotland". scrol.gov.uk. 2001. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ "Comparative Employment Profile: Fife Locality Scotland". scrol.gov.uk. 2001. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ "Mid-2008 Population Estimates – Localities in order of size". General Register Office for Scotland. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
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- ^ "Scotland's most expensive street now at home of golf". BBC. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
- ^ "1971-00 average annual warmest day". Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ ">25c days". Retrieved 22 March 2011.
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- ^ "Feb 1972 minimum". Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ "Climatology details for station Leuchars, United Kingdom and index TNn: Minimum value of daily minimum temperature". eca.knmi.nl. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ "Climate-UK.com's Review of the British Meteorological Scene - Monthly Summary for December 2010". climate-uk.com. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ "Climate Normals and extremes". Met Office. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Rangelov, Vladimir (May 2012). "StaRLink St Andrews Rail Link High Level Report" (PDF). Tata Steel. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
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- ^ Walker and Ritchie Fife, Perthshire and Angus p.79.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "St Andrews,West Port (SM90263)". Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pride Kingdom of Fife pp.124–126.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Holy Trinity Church (Town Kirk), South Street (Category A Listed Building) (LB40633)". Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ a b Lamont-Brown St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea p.171.
- ^ Fife Regional Council Medieval Abbeys and Historic Churches in Fife p.46.
- ^ Cook Old St Andrews p.14.
- ^ Fife Regional Council Medieval Abbeys and Historic Churches in Fife p.22.
- ^ a b c d Walker and Ritchie Fife, Perthshire and Angus pp.130–132.
- ^ a b c Lamont-Brown Fife in History and Legend pp.70–72.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "St Andrews Cathedral and Priory and adjacent ecclesiastical remains (SM13322)". Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ a b Walker and Ritchie Fife, Perthshire and Angus pp.115–116.
- ^ Pride Kingdom of Fife p.121.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "St Andrews Castle (SM90259)". Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "St Andrews, South Street, Blackfriars' Chapel (34336)". Canmore. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "St Andrews, St Nicholas Farm (34312)". Canmore. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
- ^ "list of primary schools in Fife". Fife Council. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ "Cannongate Primary School". Fife Council. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ^ "Lawhead Primary School". Fife Council. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ^ a b c Lamont-Brown St Andrews – A City by the Northern Sea pp177–178
- ^ Cook Old St Andrews p.13.
- ^ "Madras College info, fifedirect". Fife Council. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Johnston, Kristen (9 January 2012). "Council's Madras plan 'fails pupils'". The Courier. p. 1&7.
- ^ "New Madras College options to be considered by committee". Fife Council. 28 October 2011.
- ^ a b c "Madras College decision spark outrage in St Andrews". St Andrews Herald. 18 November 2011.
- ^ Alexander, Michael (8 June 2012). "Madras College families facing yet more uncertainty after Kilrymont plan put on ice". The Courier.
- ^ Criag Smith (17 August 2020). "Closing date put on sale of Madras College's Kilrymont site in St Andrews". The Courrier UK. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ a b c Lamont-Brown St Andrews – City by the Northern Sea pp183–185.
- ^ a b c Lamont-Brown Fife in History and Legend p.83.
- ^ a b Pride Kingdom of Fife p.118.
- ^ a b Lamont-Brown St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea p.85.
- ^ "Future Venues for The Open | British Golf The Open Championship Packages | British Isles Golf Cruise Vacation Tours | PerryGolf". Golf vacations and golf cruises to world's most memorable destinations with PerryGolf. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Lamont-Brown Fife in History and Legend pp.224–227.
- ^ Cook Old St Andrews p.39.
- ^ "St. Andrews West Sands - Fife, Scotland". britishbeaches.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ "St Andrews West Sands Beach". tripadvisor.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Scotland's Beach Awards". keepscotlandbeautiful.org. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Fife.gov". Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Youtube – Chariots of Fire opening scene". YouTube. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ "Chariots of Fire legacy keeps on running in St Andrews". BBC News site. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ "Chariots of Fire beach scene re-enacted on Olympic Torch relay". The Mirror. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ "Olympic Torch relay gets Chariots of Fire treatment on West Sands beach". Metro. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ "High Speed Dirt – West Sands St Andrews". Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "You Tube – Rowan Atkinson Sequence – Opening Ceremony – London 2012 Olympic Games". YouTube. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ West Sands Beach in St Andrews, Scotland, Keep Scotland Beautiful
- ^ "Beach Awards – Keep Scotland Beautiful". coastal.keepscotlandbeautiful.org.
- ^ "Lade Braes". Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ^ "Lade Braes Walk – The Sinner's Guide to St Andrews". Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ^ Smart, RN (1991). Notes on the Water Mills of St Andrews (1989) in 'Three Decades of Historical Notes' (ed. M Innes & J Whelan) p.179.
- ^ "History of the Lade Braes". Retrieved 2 June 2014.
- ^ "Buildings at Risk Register, Law Mill". Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ^ "Dictionary of the Scots Language :: SND :: Brae n.1". www.dsl.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- ^ "St Andrews Museum, St Andrews – Museums". Visit Scotland. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ Ian Carradice, MUSA Guide Book (2008), pp.1–13
- ^ "St Andrews Botanic Garden | Home". St Andrews Botanic Garden. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ "St Andrews Aquarium". www.standrewsaquarium.co.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ Ferrier, Maureen (4 December 2015). "St Andrews twinning pact signed in saint's celebrations". fifetoday.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Permanent tribute to Benjamin Franklin". news.st-andrews.ac.uk. 29 October 2002. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ "The Freedom of St Andrews". The Times. No. 36824. London. 19 July 1902. p. 14.
- ^ "Prince of Wales St.Andrews Receiving Freedom of the City - Fife Postcard (P2752)". ebay.co.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ "Full record for 'Bobby Jones Receives Freedom of St. Andrews ' (0311) - Moving Image Archive catalogue". movingimage.nls.uk. 1958. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ Scott, Steve (11 July 2022). "The magic of St Andrews and the Old Course will always endure, believes Jack Nicklaus". The Courier Evening Telegraph. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
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- Butler, Richard (2005). "The Influence of Sport on Destination Development: the Example of Golf at St. Andrews" (PDF). Sport tourism destinations. Routledge. pp. 274–282. ISBN 0-7506-5937-8. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 February 2022.
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External links
- List of Attractions around St Andrews in order to walk round with Maps and Information
- Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council
- St Andrews Links
- Engraving of a view of St Andrews by James Fittler in the digitised copy of Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 at National Library of Scotland
- The Lade Braes
- St Andrews EuroWalk - online self-guided walking tour of the town