Effects of the 1919 Florida Keys hurricane in Texas
Category 3 major hurricane | |
---|---|
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 115 mph (185 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 950 mbar (hPa); 28.05 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 284 (official toll), up to 1,000 (estimated) |
Damage | ≥$20.3 million (1919 USD) |
Areas affected | Southeast Texas, Texas Coastal Bend (especially Corpus Christi), South Texas |
Part of the 1919 Atlantic hurricane season |
The effects of the 1919 Florida Keys hurricane in Texas were the deadliest of any
Background
Between its establishment in 1839 and the hurricane of 1919, the city of
One of the highest priorities of the Corpus Christi government in the years leading up to the 1919 hurricane was to establish a deep-water port; maritime commerce had been hamstrung by the inability of large ships to enter the Corpus Christi Bay. U.S. Representative John Nance Garner brought forth a proposal to the Army Corps of Engineers to survey and dredge a channel from Aransas Pass to Corpus Christi's wharves. A bayfront improvement plan was developed to meet government mandates for protection of the city's populace in order to proceed with the deep-water port's development, including a possible seawall. However, the high costs involved and political divisions prevented the project from proceeding promptly; by August 1919, only property valuation of lands near the proposed seawall had been conducted.[1]
The 1919 hurricane began as a
Due to a lack of weather observations over the Gulf of Mexico, the Weather Bureau had difficulty locating and forecasting the hurricane as it approached Texas.
Regret that no radio reports were received from Gulf of Mexico during the entire day. Increasing northeast winds at mouth of Mississippi River indicate that storm is not far to southward of that locality, and we can only repeat previous messages urging great caution until further advices [on the morning of September 13]. Good night.
— Message sent from the Weather Bureau at 11:30 p.m. CT on September 12[11]: 667
Despite showers reaching the
Preparations
Falling pressures in Houston—indicative of the storm's proximity—prompted an evacuation of
Impact
The 1919 hurricane caused at least $20 million in damage and 284 deaths in Texas.
Southeast Texas
The hurricane caused approximately $272,000 in damage within the Galveston district of the U.S. Weather Bureau. Along the Texas coast from Matagorda Bay to the Texas border with Louisiana, storm surge heights ranged from 4 ft (1.2 m) at Orange to 13 ft (4.0 m) at Port O'Connor, where some homes were wrecked by heavy seas; damage in Port O'Connor and Seadrift amounted to $40,000.[11]: 670 Sabine Pass along the Louisiana border experienced an 8 ft (2.4 m) surge.[10] "A few buildings" were destroyed in Seabrook along the coast of Galveston Bay, with total property damage valued at $2,000.[11]: 670 A bulkhead in Trinity Bay off Anahuac was damaged, but Anahuac itself suffered little damage from a 6-foot (1.8 m) storm tide due to its elevated position relative to the bay.[11]: 671 Washouts occurred on segments of the Gulf and Interstate Railroad near Caplen, causing an estimated $20,000 in damage.[11]: 670
Owing to the large size of the storm, an 8.8-foot-storm-surge (2.7 m) was measured in
Texas Coastal Bend
The severity of the hurricane's impacts increased southward from Galveston. Along the Matagorda Peninsula, the storm surge was 10 ft (3.0 m) high, flooding the island and damaging agriculture. The waves and 11.1-foot-storm surge (3.4 m) dislodged timbers from docks at Port Aransas, forcing them inland where they destroyed buildings.[20][23] Five oil tanks were also destroyed, and only a school building remained standing amid the devastation in Port Aransas.[11]: 671 The steamship Median was beached onto the port's docks, while the tankers Juanita and Susquehannah were grounded well-inland.[20][11]: 671 Five people drowned at Port Aransas while attempting to evacuate on a lifeboat; another two deaths were recorded at Aransas Pass.[11]: 671 Small boats and wharves were wrought "considerable damage" at Matagorda, Palacios, and Port Lavaca; property damage in those communities totaled $140,000. Bathhouses and pavilions on the campgrounds of the Baptist Young Peoples Union in Palacios were destroyed.[11]: 670
Corpus Christi
The hurricane exacted its greatest toll on Corpus Christi and the city's immediate vicinity. Nearly all of the 284 verified fatalities were residents of Corpus Christi; 57 bodies were recovered in the city proper while 121 were found at nearby White Point, the highest death toll of any locality from the hurricane.
The hurricane destroyed over 900 buildings in and around Corpus Christi.
Lower Rio Grande Valley
Inland Texas
The San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf Railroad was washed out west of Odem, Texas. Winds destroyed summer houses and the cotton crop in Victoria, Texas. In San Antonio, the air pressure bottomed out at 998 mbar (hPa; 29.48 inHg) and winds reached 34 mph (55 km/h).[20] Heavy rainfall caused flooding along the lower Colorado, Guadalupe, and Nueces River, with a quick rise inflicted on the Brazos River.[22]
Aftermath
Gordon Boone, the mayor of Corpus Christi, enacted
The camaraderie in the hurricane's aftermath between Boone and Miller, once political rivals, led to a resumption of the city's push to build a deep-water port. A special meeting was convened two weeks after the storm between Boone, Miller, and U.S. Representative
A 12,000-foot-long (3,700 m) seawall was constructed in Corpus Christi in response to the hurricane's devastation. The seawall was primarily made of reinforced concrete and supported by timber and steel sheet pilings. The seawall was named a Texas Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1988.[28]
See also
- List of Texas hurricanes (1900–1949)
- 1900 Galveston hurricane – deadliest hurricane in U.S. history, devastating Galveston and spurring construction of the Galveston Seawall
- Hurricane Celia – produced widespread wind damage to the Corpus Christi area in 1970
- 1875 Indianola hurricane – destroyed much of the Texas port city of Indianola
References
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h O'Rear (2005), pp. 316–330.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The Hurricane of 1919". NWS Corpus Christi. Corpus Christi, Texas: National Weather Service Corpus Christi, Texas. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
- ^ O'Rear (2005), p. 331.
- ^ a b c d "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Caribbean Storm Is Not Expected to Reach Gulf". The Houston Post. Vol. 35, no. 155. Houston, Texas. September 6, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h O'Rear (2009), pp. 95–98.
- ^ Mitchell, Alexander J. (September 1919). "Florida Section" (PDF). Climatological Data. 23 (9). Jacksonville, Florida: United States Weather Bureau: 72. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
- ISBN 9780807858097.
- ^ "Hurricane Not To Be Felt Here". San Antonio Evening News. Vol. 2, no. 6. San Antonio, Texas. September 10, 1919. p. 14. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Roth, p. 38.
- ^
- ^ "Warnings Sent Out for East Texas Coast". The Paris Morning News. No. 95. Paris, Texas. Associated Press. September 12, 1919. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Warnings Up As Hurricane Is Headed Toward Coast Of Texas". El Paso Herald. El Paso, Texas. Associated Press. September 12, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "East Louisiana Coast Probably to Receive Storm, Says Bureau". The Galveston Daily News. Galveston, Texas. September 13, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ "Gulf Storm Seems To Have About Spent Its Force Outside Texas". The Paris Morning News. No. 6. Paris, Texas. Associated Press. p. 1. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Ehrlich, Allison (September 13, 2019). "Corpus Christi's 1919 hurricane brought destruction, but reshaped the city for the future". Caller Times. Corpus Christi, Texas: Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ^ a b "Storm Is Still Hiding In Gulf". The Houston Post. Vol. 35, no. 162. Houston, Texas. Associated Press. September 13, 1919. pp. 1–2. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Port of Galveston". The Houston Post. Vol. 35, no. 162. Houston, Texas. September 13, 1919. p. 15. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b O'Rear (2005), pp. 332–334.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Roth, p. 39.
- ^ a b c d e f g O'Rear (2005), pp. 335–342.
- ^ a b c d e Bunnemeyer, Bernard (September 1919). "Climatology Data: Texas Section" (PDF). Climatological Data. 24 (9). Houston, Texas: United States Weather Bureau: 99, 108. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 29, 2020. Retrieved February 29, 2020 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.
- ^ Morton and Paine, p. 21.
- ^ "Squalls at Corpus Christi". The Austin American. Austin, Texas. Associated Press. September 13, 1919. p. 2. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Morton and Paine, p. 52.
- ^
- ^ O'Rear (2017), pp. 7–8.
- . Retrieved June 4, 2020. (subscription required)
- Sources
- Morton, R. A.; Paine, J. G. (1984). Historical Shoreline Changes in Corpus Christi and Nueces Bays, Texas Gulf Coast (PDF) (Report). Austin, Texas: The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
- O'Rear, Mary Joe (January 2005). "Silver-Lined Storm: The Impact of the 1919 Hurricane on the Port of Corpus Christi". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 108 (3). Texas State Historical Association: 313–321.
- O'Rear, Mary Jo (February 3, 2017). Bulwark Against the Bay: The People of Corpus Christi and Their Seawall. Corpus Christi, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1623494919.
- O'Rear, Mary Jo (February 10, 2009). Storm Over the Bay: The People of Corpus Christi and Their Port. Corpus Christi, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1603440882.
- Roth, David M. (January 17, 2010). "Corpus Christi's Devastating Hurricane - 1919". Texas Hurricane History (PDF). Camp Springs, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 38–39. Retrieved July 31, 2019.