Galveston Bay

Coordinates: 29°34′11″N 94°56′12″W / 29.56972°N 94.93667°W / 29.56972; -94.93667
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Galveston Bay
Primary inflows
Trinity River, San Jacinto River
Ocean/sea sourcesGulf of Mexico
Basin countriesUnited States
Max. length30 miles (48 km)
Max. width17 miles (27 km)
Surface area345,280 acres (139,730 ha)[1]
Average depth6 feet (1.8 m)
Max. depth10 feet (3.0 m)
SettlementsHouston, Pasadena, League City, Baytown, Texas City, Galveston, La Porte, Seabrook, Anahuac

Galveston Bay (

sea water and fresh water, which supports a wide variety of marine life
. With a maximum depth of about 10 feet (3 m) and an average depth of only 6 feet (2 m), it is unusually shallow for its size.

The bay has played a significant role in the history of Texas. Galveston Island is home to the city of Galveston, the earliest major settlement in southeast Texas and the state's largest city toward the end of the nineteenth century.[4] While a devastating hurricane in 1900 hastened Galveston's decline, the subsequent rise of Houston as a major trade center, facilitated by the dredging of the Houston Ship Channel across the western half of the bay, ensured the bay's continued economic importance.[5]

Today, Galveston Bay is encompassed by Greater Houston, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.[6] The Port of Houston, which has facilities spread across the northwestern section of the bay, is the second-busiest port in the nation by overall tonnage.[7] Other major ports utilizing the bay include the Port of Texas City and the Port of Galveston. With its diverse marine life, Galveston Bay also produces more seafood than any estuary in the United States except the Chesapeake.[8]

History

The Gulf Coast gained its present configuration during the

Bolivar Peninsula (2.5 ka), which began as a spit.[9]

Atakapan tribes, who lived throughout the Gulf Coast region.[11][12]

Anonymous portrait claimed to be of Jean Lafitte in the early 19th century

Though several

Louis Aury established a naval base at the harbor in 1816 to support the Mexican War of Independence. When he abandoned the base, it was then taken over by pirate Jean Lafitte, who temporarily transformed Galveston Island and the bay into a haven for outlaws before being ousted by the United States Navy.[13] Following its independence from Spain, the new nation of Mexico claimed Texas as part of its territory. Settlements were established around the bay, including Galveston, Anahuac, Lynchburg, and San Jacinto. Following growing unrest, Texas revolted and gained independence in 1836 at the Battle of San Jacinto, near the bay along the San Jacinto River. The new Republic of Texas grew rapidly and joined the United States in 1845.[13]

After the election of

Railroads were built around the shore and new communities continued to emerge.[16][17]

The Beach Hotel, a famous 19th century Galveston resort

The

finfish, and, later, shrimp.[22] By the end of the 1930s, the Port of Houston was the largest cotton port and third largest port by overall tonnage in the United States.[19]

NASA Johnson Space Center with Clear Lake visible at the top of the image

The establishment of

Robert C. Eckhardt as "the most polluted body of water in the U.S."[24] The ship channel and Clear Lake were rated by the Galveston Bay Estuary Program as having even worse water quality.[24]

Extraction of oil and

land subsidence and erosion along the shoreline, especially in the Baytown–Pasadena area.[25] Over the past few decades, approximately 100 acres (40 ha) of the historic San Jacinto battleground has been submerged; Sylvan Beach, a popular destination in La Porte, has been severely eroded, and the once prominent Brownwood neighborhood of Baytown has been abandoned.[26][27] On February 23, 2019, Atlas Air Flight 3591 crashed into Trinity Bay, one of the bay's extensions, killing all three people on board.[28] Today, the bay is a major destination for recreational and tourist activities, including boating, ecotourism, and waterfowl hunting.[29]

Features

Galveston Bay (magenta), Trinity Bay (purple), East Bay (green), West Bay (orange)

Galveston Bay covers approximately 600 square miles (1,600 km2), and is 30 miles (48 km) long and 17 miles (27 km) wide.[30] The bay has an average depth of 6 feet (2 m) and a maximum undredged depth of 10 feet (3 m).[30] The Galveston Bay system consists of four main bodies of water: Galveston Bay proper (upper and lower), Trinity Bay, East Bay, and West Bay.[31] The bay is bordered by three counties: Chambers, Harris, and Galveston.[32] Significant communities around the bay include Houston, Pasadena, League City, Baytown, Texas City, Galveston, La Porte, Seabrook, and Anahuac.

Galveston Bay has three outlets to the Gulf of Mexico: Bolivar Roads between Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula, San Luis Pass at the west end of Galveston Island, and Rollover Pass across Bolivar Peninsula.[1] Many smaller bays and lakes are connected to the main system, including Christmas Bay, Moses Lake, Dickinson Bay, Clear Lake, Ash Lake, Black Duck Bay, and San Jacinto Bay.[2] Together with its extensions, Galveston Bay forms the largest of the seven major estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas.[1] The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, an inland waterway consisting of natural watercourses and man-made canals, runs between the bay and the Gulf. A majority of the bay's inflow comes from the Trinity River, which contributes 7,500,000 acre-feet (9.3×109 m3) of freshwater annually.[2][30] The San Jacinto River contributes another 500,000 acre-feet (620,000,000 m3).[2][30] Local coastal watersheds contribute the remainder.[30]

Climate

The climate around the Bay is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa in Köppen climate classification system). Prevailing winds from the south and southeast bring heat from the deserts of Mexico and moisture from the Gulf of Mexico.[33] Summer temperatures regularly exceed 90 °F (32 °C), and the area's humidity drives the heat index even higher. Winters in the area are mild, with typical January highs above 60 °F (16 °C) and lows above 40 °F (4 °C). Snowfall is generally rare. Annual rainfall averages well over 40 inches (1,000 mm), with some areas typically receiving over 50 inches (1,300 mm).[34]

Hurricanes are an ever-present threat during the fall season. Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula are generally at the greatest risk. However, though the island and the peninsula provide some shielding,[35][36] the bay shoreline still faces significant danger from storm surge.[37] Hurricane Ike, the most economically and environmentally destructive event on the bay since 1900, struck in 2008.[38] A proposal to build a flood barrier system to prevent against future storm surge, the so-called Ike Dike, has been considered by the state government.[39][40][41] In August 2017, the Galveston Bay Area was struck by Hurricane Harvey and received an extraordinary amount of rainfall in a matter of days, with many locations in the bay area observing more than 30 in (760 mm) of precipitation during the storm.[42]

Ecosystem

This unique and complex mixing of waters from different sources provides nursery and spawning grounds for many types of

The wetlands that surround the bay support a variety of fauna. Notable terrestrial species include the American alligator and the bobcat, while bird species include the roseate spoonbill, great and snowy egret, white-faced ibis, and mottled duck.[46]

Pollution

City of Houston storm drains lead into Galveston Bay; messages ask people to keep the ecosystem in mind.

In the early 1990s, the Houston Ship Channel had the fifth highest level of toxic chemicals in the nation due to industrial discharge, with over 18.2 million pounds (8,300,000 kg) discharged between 1990 and 1994. However, the bay has generally experienced improving water quality since the passage of the

soil pollution, wildlife habitat loss, and the impacts of climate change as challenges facing the estuary. The presence of the San Jacinto Pits Superfund site in the Houston Ship Channel, which contains large amounts of dioxin, is considered a significant threat to the bay's health.[48] The entire bay is covered by seafood consumption advisories set by the Texas Department of State Health Services, but the strictness of these standards varies by location. In the Ship Channel, advisories recommend against the consumption of all fish and blue crab, while in the lower bay, advisories only apply to catfish.[48]

marine fuel oil collided with another ship in the Houston Ship Channel, causing the contents of one of the barge's 168,000-US-gallon (640,000 L) tanks to leak into the bay, requiring weeks of cleanup by dozens of boats.[50] Excessive ozone levels can occur due to industrial activities; nearby Houston is ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.[51] The industries located along the ship channel are a major cause of ozone pollution.[52]

Industry

Galveston Bay Area municipalities

Galveston Bay is located in

fifth largest metropolitan area in the United States, and home to one of the nation's most significant shipping centers.[53] Houston, the nation's fourth largest city, is the economic and cultural center of the region. Important ports served by the bay include the Port of Houston, the Port of Texas City, and the Port of Galveston.[32] The Houston Ship Channel, which connects the Port of Houston to the Gulf, passes through the bay. It is a partially man-made feature created by dredging the Buffalo Bayou, the ship channel subbays, and Galveston Bay.[54]

The area has a broad industrial base including the energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, transportation, and health care sectors. The bayside communities in particular are home to the Johnson Space Center, which houses the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center, Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base, Ellington Airport (home of the Houston Spaceport), and a high concentration of petrochemical refineries.[55]

A large commercial fishing industry has grown around Galveston Bay, with significant production of shrimp, blue crab, eastern oyster, black drum, flounder, sheepshead, and snapper.[56] In 2012, the commercial fish harvest in Galveston Bay amounted to 5,800,000 pounds (2,600,000 kg), with a wholesale value of roughly $16.4 million.[57]

Galveston Bay supports a significant recreation and tourism industry, especially as a result of its proximity to major population centers. Over 40% of Greater Houston residents participate annually in

pleasure crafts.[29] Fishing expenditures (such as the purchase of fishing bait or lodging) along Galveston Bay and Sabine Lake generate approximately $650 million annually.[58] The recreational fishing industry supports over 3,000 jobs in the bay area.[58]

With over 600 species of birds, Galveston Bay is a popular destination for birdwatching. This sort of ecotourism generates millions in annual revenue for Chambers County, which is home to the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge and High Island.[29]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Trinity–San Jacinto Estuary (Galveston Bay)". Texas Water Development Board. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d Pulich Jr., Warren (2002). "Seagrass Status and Trends in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Galveston Bay System" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  3. ^ Eubanks, Behrstock & Weeks (2006), pp. 10–11
  4. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association
    . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  5. ^ "J.H.W. Stele to Sayers, September 11–12, 1900". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  6. ^ Lawhorn, Valerie (March 24, 2016). "Census Numbers Are Out: Greater Houston Area Has Largest Population Gain". Houston Public Media. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  7. ^ Collier, Kiah (May 3, 2013). "Houston has the busiest seaport in the U.S." Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  8. ^ "Galveston Bay Estuary Program EPA/State Management Conference Agreement: Introduction" (PDF). Galveston Bay Estuary Program. September 1989.
  9. ^ .
  10. .
  11. ^ Newcomb (1961), pp. 59–60
  12. ^ "Ethnohistory". Texas Beyond History. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  13. ^
    Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association
    . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  14. ^ a b c Cotham, Edward T. (July 16, 2000). "Galveston During the Civil War". Texas A&M University Institute of Nautical Archaeology. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  15. ^ Rice, Harvey (December 31, 2012). "Battle of Galveston saved Texas from Union invasion". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  16. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association
    . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  17. . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  18. ^ "Weather Events: The 1900 Galveston Hurricane". The Weather Doctor. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  19. ^
    Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association
    . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  20. . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  21. . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  22. ^ "Economic Activity Associated with Commercial Fishing along the Texas Gulf Coast". Texas State University. February 2005. pp. 9–10. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  23. ^ Ramos & Reavis (2004), p. 154
  24. ^ a b "Ambient Water and Sediment Quality of Galveston Bay: Present Status and Historical Trends" (PDF). Galveston Bay Estuary Program. 1991. p. 18.
  25. .
  26. U.S. Geological Survey
    . p. 35. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  27. ^ Christian, Carol (May 11, 2009). "Restoration project on Sylvan Beach has begun". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  28. ^ "Atlas Air #3591 crashed into Trinity Bay DCA19MA086". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  29. ^ a b c d Lester, L. James; Gonzalez, L. A. (December 2011). "The State of the Bay: A Characterization of the Galveston Bay Ecosystem, Third Edition" (PDF). Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Galveston Bay Estuary Program. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  30. ^ a b c d e "National Coastal Condition Report II" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  31. ^ Melosi & Pratt (2007), p. 12
  32. ^
    Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association
    . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  33. ^ Melosi & Pratt (2007), p. 13
  34. ^ "Climate pages for CLL, IAH, HOU, and GLS". National Weather Service. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  35. ^ "Wide Ike and shallow coast mean strong surge". NBC News. September 12, 2008. Houston is buffered by Galveston Island — which sits in the way of the surge — and the bay system
  36. Sarasota Herald Tribune
    . Just north of Galveston Island, the Bolivar Peninsula shields Galveston Bay much like Lido Key and Longboat Key shield Sarasota Bay.
  37. ^ Berger, Eric (September 9, 2008). "Would a category 3 hurricane surge flood your home?". Houston Chronicle Blogs.
  38. ^ Tresaugue, Matthew (August 22, 2009). "A year after Ike: Galveston Bay still trying to recover". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  39. Wall Street Journal
    . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  40. ^ "The Ike Dike: The Proposal to Prevent Severe Storm Destruction on the Texas Gulf Coast". Rice University: SSPEED – Severe Storm Prediction, Education, and Evacuation from Disasters. Archived from the original on May 5, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  41. Galveston County Daily News. Archived from the original
    on July 16, 2011.
  42. ^ Tate, Jennifer (August 29, 2017). Storm Summary Number 15 for Tropical Storm Harvey Rainfall and Wind. Weather Prediction Center (Report). College Park, Maryland: United States Government. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  43. ^ "Social Marketing: A New Approach to Enhance Public Outreach and Education about Galveston Bay". Fall 2007. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011.
  44. ^ "Mammals". Galveston Bay Estuary Program. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  45. Plainview Daily Herald
    . June 7, 2003. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  46. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Wildlife"
    . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  47. ^ "Galveston Bay Report Card 2016" (PDF). Houston Area Research Council (HARC) and Galveston Bay Foundation. 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  48. ^ a b "Galveston Bay Report Card 2019" (PDF). Houston Area Research Council (HARC) and Galveston Bay Foundation. 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  49. ^ Tresaugue, Matthew (April 6, 2014). "Oil spills in Galveston Bay a routine occurrence". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  50. Texas Tribune
    . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  51. ^ "State of the Air 2005, National and Regional Analysis". American Lung Association. March 25, 2005. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2006.
  52. ^ "Summary of the Issues". Citizens League for Environmental Action Now. August 1, 2004. Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2006.
  53. .
    Henry, Thomas E (2008).
    Next Voyage Will Be Different!. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 11. .
  54. ^ "The Houston Ship Channel: A History". The Port of Houston Authority. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  55. ^ "Johnson Space Center". September 8, 2009.
    "CHAPTER TWO: GALVESTON BAY" (PDF). Texas A&M University-Galveston: Galveston Bay Information Center (Galveston Bay Estuary Project). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2009. ... it [Galveston Bay] is at the center of the state's petrochemical industry, with 30 percent of U.S. petroleum industry and nearly 50 percent of U.S. production of ethylene and propylene occuring [sic] on its shores.
    Weisman (2008), pg. 166,"The industrial megaplex that begins on the east side of Houston and continues uninterrupted to the Gulf of Mexico, 50 miles away, is the largest concentration of petroleum refineries, petrochemical companies, and storage structures on Earth."
  56. ^ Handley, Larry; Spear, Kathryn; Taylor, Eleonor; Thatcher, Cindy (2014). "Galveston Bay" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  57. Texas Tribune
    . Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  58. ^ a b Cummins, Rhonda (July 2009). "Impacts of Hurricane Ike on the Galveston Bay Fishing Community" (PDF). Texas Sea Grant Extension Program. Retrieved 2017-03-29.

References

External links