Enfield poltergeist

The Enfield poltergeist was a claim of supernatural activity at 284 Green Street, a council house in Brimsdown, Enfield, London, England, between 1977 and 1979. The alleged poltergeist activity centred on sisters Janet, aged 11, and Margaret Hodgson, aged 13.^[1]

Some members of the

The story attracted press coverage in British newspapers, has been mentioned in books, featured in television and radio^[5] documentaries, and dramatised in the 2016 horror film The Conjuring 2.

Claims

In August 1977, single parent Peggy Hodgson called the

Society for Psychical Research (SPR) members Maurice Grosse and Guy Lyon Playfair reported: "curious whistling and barking noises coming from Janet's general direction." Although Playfair maintained the paranormal activity was genuine and wrote in his later book This House Is Haunted: The True Story of a Poltergeist (1980) that an "entity" was to blame for the Enfield disturbances, he often doubted the children's veracity and wondered if they were playing tricks and exaggerating. Still, Grosse and Playfair believed that, even though some of the alleged poltergeist activity was faked by the girls, other incidents were genuine.^[3][6][7] Other paranormal investigators who studied the case included American demonologists Ed and Lorraine Warren, who visited the Enfield house in 1978 and were convinced that the events had a supernatural explanation.^[3]

Janet was detected in trickery: a video camera in an adjoining room caught her bending spoons and attempting to bend an iron bar.^[8][9] Grosse had observed Janet banging a broom handle on the ceiling and hiding his tape recorder.^[2] According to Playfair, one of Janet's voices, whom she called Bill, displayed a "habit of suddenly changing the topic—it was a habit Janet also had".^[4] When Janet and Margaret admitted pranking to journalists, Grosse and Playfair compelled the girls to retract their confessions.^[3] The two men were mocked by other researchers for being easily duped.^[10]

Psychical researcher Renée Haynes noted that doubts were raised about the alleged poltergeist voice at the SPR conference at Cambridge in 1978, where videocassettes from Enfield were examined.^[11] SPR investigator Anita Gregory stated the Enfield case had been "overrated", characterizing several episodes of the girls' behaviour as "suspicious" and speculated that the girls had "staged" some incidents for the benefit of journalists seeking a sensational story.^[3][6] John Beloff, a former president of the SPR, investigated and suggested Janet was practising ventriloquism. Both Beloff and Gregory came to the conclusion that Janet and Margaret were playing tricks on the investigators.^[12]

Other

Milbourne Christopher, an American stage magician, briefly investigated the Enfield occurrences and failed to observe anything that could be called paranormal. He was dismayed by what he felt was suspicious activity on the part of Janet, later concluding that "the poltergeist was nothing more than the antics of a little girl who wanted to cause trouble and who was very, very clever."^[3] Ventriloquist Ray Alan visited the house and concluded that Janet's male voices were simply vocal tricks.^[3]

Sceptical interpretations

Criticisms of investigations

Sceptic Joe Nickell of the US-based Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) examined the findings of paranormal investigators and criticized them for being overly credulous; when a supposedly disembodied demonic voice was heard, Playfair noted that "as always Janet's lips hardly seemed to be moving." He states that a remote-controlled still camera—the photographer was not present in the room with the girls—timed to take a picture every fifteen seconds was shown by investigator Melvin Harris to reveal pranking by the girls. He argues that a photo allegedly depicting Janet levitating actually shows her bouncing off the bed as if it were a trampoline. Harris called the photos examples of common "gymnastics" and said, "It's worth remembering that Janet was a school sports champion!"

Nickell pointed out that a tape-recorder malfunction that Grosse attributed to supernatural activity and SPR president

In 2015 Deborah Hyde commented that there was no solid evidence for the Enfield poltergeist: "The first thing to note is that the occurrences didn't happen under controlled circumstances. People frequently see what they expect to see, their senses being organized and shaped by their prior experiences and beliefs."^[4]

Response to claims

Sceptics have argued that the alleged poltergeist voice that originated from Janet was produced by

As a "magician experienced in the dynamics of trickery" Nickell examined Playfair's account and contemporary press clippings. He noted that the supposed poltergeist "tended to act only when it was not being watched" and concluded that the incidents were best explained as children's pranks.[3]

Although Grosse made tape recordings of Janet and believed no trickery was involved, the magician Bob Couttie said, "He made some of the recordings available to me and, having listened to them very carefully, I came to the conclusion that there was nothing in what I had heard that was beyond the capabilities of an imaginative teenager."^[2] All of the recordings have been catalogued and digitized by the SPR and a book of their content, The Enfield Poltergeist Tapes: White Crow, was produced by Dr Melvyn Willin in 2019.^[14]

A 2016 article by psychology professor Chris French in Time Out magazine described five reasons why he believed the case to have been a hoax.^[15] His reasons are:

• The two sisters involved admitted to hoaxing some of the activity
• The photo of Janet levitating above her bed could just as easily be explained as Janet jumping
• The "spirit" of an old man who supposedly possessed Janet took a great deal of interest in menstruation
• Eyewitnesses are notoriously unreliable
• Other schoolgirl pranks before and after have got out of hand

In popular culture

• On 26 December 1978 BBC Radio 4 broadcast the documentary The Enfield Poltergeist by BBC reporter Rosalind Morris. Morris visited the Hodgson family on numerous occasions to make this documentary.^[16]
• In 1992 the BBC aired a controversial mockumentary titled Ghostwatch, written by Stephen Volk and based on the Enfield poltergeist.^[17]
• In March 2007 Channel 4 aired a documentary about the Enfield poltergeist titled Interview with a Poltergeist.^{[citation needed]}
• The Enfield poltergeist has been featured in episodes of
  ITV series Strange but True? and Extreme Ghost Stories
  .
• The Enfield poltergeist was the subject of the 2015 Sky Living television series The Enfield Haunting, which was broadcast from 4–17 May 2015.^{[citation needed]}
• The 2016 film The Conjuring 2 is based on Ed and Lorraine Warren's investigation of the case.^[18]
• In 2018 the BBC Radio 4 programme The Reunion, presented by Sue MacGregor, revisited the case, with interviews with witnesses Morris, Richard Grosse and Graham Morris.^[5]
• In 2023 a play titled The Enfield Haunting was announced, starring Catherine Tate, to be premiered at Theatre Royal, Brighton and Richmond Theatre before moving to the Ambassadors Theatre in London from 30 November 2023 to 2 March 2024.^[19]
• On 27 October 2023 Apple TV debuted "The Enfield Poltergeist" miniseries, filming the documentary in a recreated set of the allegedly haunted house at 284 Green Street, utilizing actors lipsyncing to original tape recordings, archival video footage and modern-day interviews with living witnesses of the events.

References