Euprymna scolopes
Euprymna scolopes | |
---|---|
The Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, swimming in the water column off the south shore of Oahu | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Cephalopoda |
Order: | Sepiida |
Family: | Sepiolidae |
Subfamily: | Sepiolinae |
Genus: | Euprymna |
Species: | E. scolopes
|
Binomial name | |
Euprymna scolopes |
Euprymna scolopes, also known as the Hawaiian bobtail squid, is a species of bobtail squid in the family Sepiolidae native to the central Pacific Ocean, where it occurs in shallow coastal waters off the Hawaiian Islands and Midway Island.[3][4] The type specimen was collected off the Hawaiian Islands and is located at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.[5]
Euprymna scolopes grows to 30 mm (1.2 in) in mantle length.[3] Hatchlings weigh 0.005 g (0.00018 oz) and mature in 80 days. Adults weigh up to 2.67 g (0.094 oz).[6]
In the wild, E. scolopes feeds on species of
The Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) preys on E. scolopes in northwestern Hawaiian waters.[9]
On June 3, 2021, SpaceX CRS-22 launched E. scolopes, along with tardigrades, to the International Space Station. The squid were launched as hatchlings and will be studied to see if they can incorporate their symbiotic bacteria into their light organ while in space.[10]
Symbiosis
Euprymna scolopes lives in a
Acquisition
The bioluminescent bacterium, A. fischeri, is horizontally transmitted throughout the E. scolopes population. Hatchlings lack these necessary bacteria and must carefully select for them in a marine world saturated with other microorganisms.[20]
To effectively capture these cells, E. scolopes secretes
As A. fischeri cells aggregate in the mucus, they must use their
The bacteria thrive on the host-derived amino acids and sugars in the
Ongoing relationship
Every second, a juvenile squid ventilates about 2.6 ml (0.092 imp fl oz; 0.088 US fl oz) of ambient seawater through its mantle cavity. Only a single A. fischeri cell, one/1-millionth of the total volume, is present with each ventilation.[21]
The increased amino acids and sugars feed the metabolically demanding bioluminescence of the A. fischeri, and in 12 hours, the bioluminescence peaks and the juvenile squid is able to counterilluminate less than a day after hatching.[22] Bioluminescence demands a substantial amount of energy from a bacterial cell. It is estimated to demand 20% of a cell's metabolic potential.[22]
Nonluminescent strains of A. fischeri would have a definite competitive advantage over the luminescent wild-type, however nonluminescent mutants are never found in the light organ of the E. scolopes.
Venting
Despite all the effort that goes into obtaining luminescent A. fischeri, the host squid jettisons most of the cells daily. This process, known as “venting”, is responsible for the disposal of up to 95% of A. fischeri in the light organ every morning at dawn.[24] The bacteria gain no benefit from this behavior and the upside for the squid itself is not clearly understood. One reasonable explanation points to the large energy expenditure in maintaining a colony of bioluminescent bacteria.[25]
During the day when the squid are inactive and hidden, bioluminescence is unnecessary, and expelling the A. fischeri conserves energy. Another, more evolutionarily important reason may be that daily venting ensures selection for A. fischeri that have evolved specificity for a particular host, but can survive outside of the light organ.[26]
Since A. fischeri is transmitted horizontally in E. scolopes, maintaining a stable population of them in the open ocean is essential in supplying future generations of squid with functioning light organs.
Light organ
The light organ has an electrical response when stimulated by light, which suggests the organ functions as a
Extraocular
The light organ of
As the down-welling light increases or decreases, the squid is able to adjust luminescence accordingly, even over multiple cycles of light intensity.[25]
See also
References
- . Downloaded on 11 February 2018.
- ^ Julian Finn (2016). "Euprymna scolopes Berry, 1913". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ a b Reid, A. & P. Jereb 2005. Family Sepiolidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 1. Rome, FAO. pp. 153–203.
- ^ Countries' Exclusive Economic Zones with Euprymna scolopes Archived July 15, 2003, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-01-01. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ Wood, J.B. & R.K. O'Dor 2000. "Do larger cephalopods live longer? Effects of temperature and phylogeny on interspecific comparisons of age and size at maturity" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2004. (134 KB) Marine Biology 136(1): 91.
- ^ Shears, J. 1988. The Use of a Sand-coat in Relation to Feeding and Diel Activity in the Sepiolid Squid Euprymna scolopes. R.T. Hanlon (ed.) Malacologia 29(1): 121-133.
- ^ Boletzky, S.v. & R.T. Hanlon. 1983. A Review of the Laboratory Maintenance, Rearing and Culture of Cephalopod Molluscs. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria: Proceedings of the Workshop on the Biology and Resource Potential of Cephalopods, Melbourne, Australia, 9–13 March 1981, Roper, Clyde F.E., C.C. Lu and F.G. Hochberg, ed. 44: 147-187.
- ^ Goodman-Lowe, G.D. 1998. "Diet of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from the northwestern Hawaiian islands during 1991 and 1994" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2005. (294 KB) Marine Biology 132: 535-546.
- ^ June 2021, Amy Thompson 01 (June 2021). "SpaceX will launch baby squid and tardigrades to the space station this week". Space.com. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ DeLoney, C.R., T.M. Bartley & K.L. Visick 2002. "Role for phosphoglucomutase in Aliivibrio fischeri-Euprymna scolopes symbiosis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2004. (221 KB) Journal of Bacteriology 184(18): 5121-5129.
- ^ Dunlap, P.V., K. Kitatsukamoto, J.B. Waterbury & S.M. Callahan 1995. "Isolation and characterization of a visibly luminous variant of Aliivibrio fischeri strain ES114 form the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2004. (105 KB) Archives of Microbiology 164(3): 194-202.
- ^ Foster, J.S., M.A. Apicella & M.J. McFall-Ngai 2000. "Aliivibrio fischeri lipopolysaccharide induces developmental apoptosis, but not complete morphogenesis, of the Euprymna scolopes light organ" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2004. (610 KB) Developmental Biology 226(2): 242-254.
- ^ Hanlon, R.T., M.F. Claes, S.E. Ashcraft & P.V. Dunlap 1997. "Laboratory culture of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes: A model system for bacteria-animal symbiosis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2004. (2.38 MB) Biological Bulletin 192(3): 364-374.
- ^ Lee, K.-H. & E.G. Ruby 1995. "Symbiotic role of the viable but nonculturable state of Aliivibrio fischeri in Hawaiian coastal seawater" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2004. (249 KB) Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61(1): 278-283.
- ^ Lemus, J.D. & M.J. McFall-Ngai 2000. "Alterations in the protoeme of the Euprymna scolopes light organ in response to symbiotic Aliivibrio fischeri" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2004. (2.10 MB) Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 4091-4097.
- ^ Millikan, D.S. & E.G. Ruby 2003. "FlrA, a s54-Dependent Transcriptional Activator in Aliivibrio fischeri, is required for motility and symbiotic light-organ colonization" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2004. (382 KB) Journal of Bacteriology (American Society for Microbiology) 185(12): 3547-3557.
- ^ Montgomery, M.K. & M. McFall-Ngai 1998. "Late postembryonic development of the symbiotic light organ of Euprymna scolopes (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2004. (6.10 MB) Biological Bulletin 195: 326-336.
- ^ ISSN 0240-8759
- ^ ISSN 0021-9193
- ^ ISSN 0022-2844
- ^
- doi:10.1139/w06-088
- PMID 24157521.
Further reading
- Callaerts, P., P.N. Lee, B. Hartmann, C. Farfan, D.W.Y. Choy, K. Ikeo, K.F. Fischbach, W.J. Gehring & G. de Couet 2002. "HOX genes in the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes: Implications for the evolution of complex body plans" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2004-03-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (465 KB) PNAS 99(4): 2088–2093.
External links
- "CephBase: Euprymna scolopes". Archived from the original on 2005-08-17.
- The Light-Organ Symbiosis of Vibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian squid, Euprymna scolopes
- Mutualism of the Month: Hawai‘ian bobtail squid Archived 2019-07-30 at the Wayback Machine