Export Land Model
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The Export Land Model, or Export-Land Model, refers to work done by Dallas geologist Jeffrey Brown, building on the work of others, and discussed widely on The Oil Drum.[1] It models the decline in oil exports that result when an exporting nation experiences both a peak in oil production and an increase in domestic oil consumption. In such cases, exports decline at a far faster rate than the decline in oil production alone.
The Export Land Model is important to petroleum importing nations because when the rate of global petroleum production peaks and begins to decline, the petroleum available on the world market will decline much more steeply than the decline in total production.
Theory
As world oil exports approach (or pass) a global peak, the
Hypothetical example
Given a
- Export Land hits the point of Peak Oil production, and over a five-year period production drops by 25%. Over the same time period, Export Land's consumption increases by 20% to 1.2 mbpd. This causes Export Land's net exports over the five-year period to fall from 1 mbpd to 0.3 mbpd, a decrease of 70% -- resulting from a combination of increasing domestic consumption in Export Land and a 25% drop in production. Counter-intuitively, the fractional decline in exports is much greater than the sum of the fractional increase in domestic consumption and the fractional decline in production.
Real-world examples
Country | Production | Consumption | net exports [4] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002 | 2007 | 2002 | 2007 | 2002 | 2007 | |
Argentina | 806 | 698 | 364 | 492 | 442 | 206 |
Bahrain | 49 | 48 | 23 | 35 | 25 | 14 |
Colombia | 601 | 561 | 222 | 228 | 379 | 333 |
Egypt | 751 | 710 | 534 | 651 | 217 | 59 |
Indonesia | 1289 | 969 | 1137 | 1157 | 152 | -188 |
Malaysia | 757 | 755 | 489 | 514 | 268 | 241 |
Syria | 548 | 394 | 256 | 262 | 292 | 132 |
Turkmenistan | 192 | 180 | 78 | 117 | 114 | 62 |
Vietnam | 339 | 350 | 192 | 294 | 146 | 56 |
Yemen | 438 | 360 | 112 | 143 | 326 | 217 |
Several real-world nations exhibit the characteristics of the Export Land Model as pictured in the image gallery above. These four nations exhibit increasing domestic consumption along with declining production. Indonesia has already shifted from oil exporter to oil importer while Egypt is hovering on the brink. Malaysia and Mexico also have the hallmarks of the Export Land Model.
Within 5 years, Mexico (the second biggest exporter of oil to the US) may become a net oil importer. Other nations where this may soon happen include Iran, Algeria and Malaysia.[5]
A recent report from
Nations may also reach their peak of oil production without fitting the Export Land model. For example, the United Kingdom began importing oil in 2006, after decades of exporting, due to declining production. But as domestic consumption in the UK has remained essentially unchanged for the last 20 years, their rising import levels essentially match their falling production levels. Similarly, Norway's exports began declining in 2001, but at the same rate as their production because their domestic consumption was also not growing. Unlike many exporters, these two countries don't subsidize local market oil price and have high fuel prices by world standards,[6] thus one of the premises of the export land model (that domestic consumption should not be affected by world market price)[citation needed] does not apply to those countries.
See also
- Energy development
- Energy security
- Oil price increases since 2003
- Oil reserves
- World energy resources and consumption
References
- ^ Export Land Model discussion archive. TheOilDrum.com.
- ^ All figure from BP statistical review 2008
- ^ [EIA http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=YM Archived 2011-01-10 at the Wayback Machine]
- ^ Defined as the difference between all liquids production and consumption, may be different from physical flows.
- ^ a b Clifford Krauss (2007-12-09). "Oil-Rich Nations Use More Energy, Cutting Exports". The New York Times.
- ^ [Gas price from around the world http://www.dailyfueleconomytip.com/oil-prices/gas-prices-from-around-the-world-2/]