F Kikan
Fujiwara kikan (藤原機関, Fujiwara or Efu (F) Kikan) was a
History and development
Based on experiences in China, the Imperial Japanese Army established a semi-autonomous unit to carry out liaison duties with local independence movements in Southeast Asia and transmit intelligence gathered from these movements back to the army command. Two such units were established before the outbreak of World War II in South-East Asia: the Minami Kikan and the F Kikan.[2]
The F-Kikan was named after its leader, Major
commissioned officers and two Hindi
-speaking interpreters. Fujiwara's motto was that the intelligence activity for Imperial Japanese Army is "ultimate sincereness".
After the
Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah and his family. His son (and future Malaysian Prime Minister) Tunku Abdul Rahman made a radio announcement urging the Malay people to cooperate with Japan. F-Kikan also attempted to mobilize the anti-British Kesatuan Melayu Muda
, but since most of its leadership had been arrested by the British authorities shortly after the start of the war, its impact was minor.
The F-Kikan was also instrumental in establishing relations with
Dutch colonial rule, especially in Aceh in northern Sumatra, which formed a backdrop to the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies.[3]
However, F-Kikan's greatest success was in its contacts with Indian independence leader
prisoners of war into what eventually became the Indian National Army.[4] This development was a tremendous coup for the Japanese government, and was a direct threat to the British position in India
.
After the British
Iwakuro Kikan
, or "I-Kikan", to coordinate activities between the Indian National Army and the Japanese army.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Lebra 1977, p. 23
- ^ Newell 1981, pp. Allen L, in Newell 1981, 83
- ^ Indonesian Volunteers in the Japanese Army.
- ^ Lebra 1977, p. 24
References
- Lebra, Joyce C. (1977), Japanese trained Armies in South-East Asia, New York,Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-03995-6.
- Fay, Peter W. (1993), The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945., Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press., ISBN 0-472-08342-2.
- Newell, W.H. (1981), Japan in Asia, 1942-1945, National University of Singapore Press, ISBN 9971-69-014-4.
- Fujiwara, Iwaichi (1983). F. Kikan: Japanese Army Intelligence Operations in Southeast Asia During World War II. Heinemann. ISBN 962-225-072-6.
- The Fujiwara Iwaichi Memorial, Waseda University.
| Historical |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Independence League (IIL) |
| |
| Subhas Chandra Bose | ||
| Indian National Army |
| |
| Red Fort trials | ||
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