Filibuster War
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Filibuster War | |||||||
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Costa Rican troops attacking William Walker at Rivas in 1856 | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Allied Central American Army (Ejército Aliado Centroamericano)
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
5,213 mercenaries (1855–1857) |
2,500 men (Costa Rica) 4,000 men (Ejército Aliado Centroamericano) | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
1,000 killed[3] |
1,202 killed[4] 9,615 soldiers and civilians dead by cholera outbreak[5] |
The Filibuster War or Walker affair was a military conflict between filibustering multinational troops stationed in Nicaragua and a coalition of Central American armies. An American mercenary, William Walker, invaded Nicaragua in 1855 with a small private army. He seized control of the country by 1856, but was ousted the following year.
Background
Nicaragua's independence from Spain, Mexico, and then from the
The 1850s
Following Nicaraguan independence from Spain, a conflict over power developed between the liberal party, based in León, and the conservative party, based in Granada.
Initial stages
In 1854, a
To circumvent American neutrality laws, Walker obtained a contract from Democratic president Francisco Castellón to bring as many as three hundred "colonists" to Nicaragua. Walker sailed from San Francisco on 3 May 1855, with approximately 60 men. Upon landing, the force was reinforced by 170 locals and about 100 Americans.[8]
Establishment of Walker
With Castellón's consent, Walker attacked the Legitimists in the town of Rivas, near the trans-isthmian route. He was driven off, but not without inflicting heavy casualties. On 4 September, during the Battle of La Virgen, Walker defeated the Legitimist army. On 13 October, he conquered the Legitimist capital of Granada and took effective control of the country. Initially, as commander of the army, Walker ruled Nicaragua through puppet President Patricio Rivas. U.S. President Franklin Pierce recognized Walker's regime as the legitimate government of Nicaragua on 20 May 1856.
Walker declared himself president, re-instituted slavery, and made English the official language.
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William Walker, the self-proclaimed American President of Nicaragua, who conquered the Nicaraguans and occupied their country from 1855 to 1857
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Map of William Walker's theater of operations in Nicaragua
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President Walker's house in Granada, Nicaragua. On 12 October 1856, during the siege of Granada, Guatemalan officer José Víctor Zavala ran under heavy fire to capture the Walker flag and bring it back to the Central American coalition army trenches shouting "Filibuster bullets don't kill!" Zavala survived this adventure unscathed.[9]
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Walker's flag of filibuster-occupied Nicaragua
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Representation of La Pedrada, scene of Andrés Castro overthrowing American filibuster invaders in the Battle of San Jacinto during the War of 1856 in Nicaragua. Oil on canvas painting by the Chilean painter, Luis Vergara Ahumada.
Central American counterattack
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Walker had scared his neighbors with talk of further military conquests in Central America.
Meanwhile, government representatives from Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala signed in the City of Guatemala a Treaty of Alliance on 18 July 1856, for "defense of its sovereignty and independence" also recognized Patricio Rivas as president of Nicaragua. Costa Rica could not attend at that time to the alliance because of the havoc that cholera disease had caused in their troops, but would resume actions later. Also, democratic and loyalist factions allied to Patricio Rivas, signed on 12 September, a "Providential Pact" declaring war against William Walker. On 14 September, Septentrión Army (as the allied army was called) forces managed the first victory of the patriotic Nicaraguans in the so-called Battle of San Jacinto.[10]
By the end of 1856, Walker ordered the destruction of Granada.
The Costa Rican government resumed action in late 1856, and developed plans to take over the San Juan River in order to cut Walker's supply of weapons and new recruits. Cornelius Vanderbilt sent one of his agents, Sylvanus Spencer, to collaborate with the Costa Rican army in order to recover the possession of the Transit Company he had lost to Walker. Spencer arrived to San Jose in November 1856 and was assigned to a company under Major Maximo Blanco to take over the steamers of the Transit Company. By January 1857, the Costa Rican army was in control of the San Juan River and all the steamers of the Transit Company.
Meanwhile, Walker was expelled from Granada by the rest of the allied armies. Some reinforcements under the command of Lockridge and Titus tried to recover the control of the River from the Costa Ricans, unsuccessfully. By April 1857, Walker had taken Rivas again, and the allies had laid siege to the city, in what became known as the Third Battle of Rivas.
Walker's surrender
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduras, and other Central American countries united to drive Walker out in 1857.[11] During this time, Granada was burned and thousands of Central Americans lost their lives.[citation needed] The final battle of what Nicaraguans called the "National War" (1856–1857) took place in the spring of 1857 in the town of Rivas, Nicaragua. Walker beat off the attacks, but the effort diminished the strength and morale of his forces and he soon succumbed.
The National War made for the cooperation between the Liberal and Conservative parties, which had brought Walker to Nicaragua. On 1 May 1857, Walker surrendered to Commander Charles Henry Davis of the United States Navy and was repatriated. Upon disembarking in New York City, he was greeted as a hero, but he alienated public opinion when he blamed his defeat on the U.S. Navy.
Chronology
- 1855
- 29 June: First Battle of Rivas, Nicaraguan troops of the legitimista band are victorious over Walker.
- 18 August: Battle of El Sauce, General José Trinidad Muñoz is killed, ending 18 years of de facto military rule in Nicaragua
- 30 August: Filibuster troops take the port of San Juan del Sur. The action by the teacher, Enmanuel Mongalo y Rubio, stands out.
- 3 September: Jose Santos Guardiola's troops.
- 13 October: Filibusters capture of the city of Granada with help from Nicaraguan troops of the democratico band.
- 1856
- 20 March: Battle of Santa Rosa in Costa Rican territory.
- 11 April: Second Battle of Rivas: Costa Rican troops repel the attack. The soldier, Juan Santamaría, stands out.
- 26 April: Costa Rican troops leave Nicaragua, decimated by cholera.
- 14 September: Victory of Nicaraguan patriots against the filibusters in the Battle of San Jacinto.
- 22 September: William Walker decrees the legalization of slavery in the country.
- 7 November: Costa Rican troops, under the command of José María Cañas, occupy San Juan del Sur.
- 11 to 13 October: First Battle of Masaya: The Allied Central American Army repels the filibuster troops.
- 11 November: Battle of the Transit: William Walker's troops defeat José María Cañas.
- 15 to 17 November: Second Battle of Masaya, the Central American allies reject William Walker's troops.
- 23 November: schooner Granada vs. brig Once de Abril. (See Action of 23 November 1856.)
- 24 November to 14 December: destruction of Granada.
- 16 December: Walker occupies the city of Rivas.
- December: Costa Rican troops began a series of attacks that take river steamers in San Juan del Norteand the river San Juan, as well as the fortresses of El Castillo and San Carlos.
- December: Costa Rican troops began a series of attacks that take river steamers in
- 1857
- 3 January: Costa Rican troops take the steamer "San Carlos", isolating William Walker's government from the Atlantic Ocean.
- 28 January: Allied troops occupy the lake port of San Jorge.
- 5 March: Nicaraguan and Central American troops under the command of Fernando Chamorro Alfaro and Florencio Xatruch, respectively, defeat the filibusters in the Battle of El Jocote.
- 23 March: Third Battle of Rivas, Central American allies attack the town without results.
- 11 April: Fourth Battle of Rivas, Central American allies, again, attack the town without results.
- 17 April: Central American Allied troops occupy San Juan del Sur.
- 1 May: William Walker surrenders to U.S. Captain Charles H. Davis.
- 5 May: William Walker abandons Nicaragua in the sloop St. Mary's.
References
- ^ "La Guerra Nacional" [National War] (in Spanish). Nicaragua Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
- ^ Don Fuchik (2007). "The Saga of William Walker". calnative.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ "Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century" Archived 2015-04-30 at archive.today (collection of many sources)
- ISBN 978-9968-315-46-3.
- ISBN 978-9968-521-96-3.
- ^ Minster, Christopher. "The Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1840)". Latin American History. About.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
- ^ Lipski, John M. (1982), "Filibustero: Origin and Development", Journal of Hispanic Philology, VI (3): 213–238
- ^ Museo Juan Santamaría: Cronología histórica relacionada con la Guerra Nacional Centroamericana contra los Filibusteros Archived 2016-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dueñas Van Severen 2006, p. 140.
- ^ "La Guerra Nacional" [National War] (in Spanish). Nicaragua Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-56691-608-0.
Works cited
- Dueñas Van Severen, J. Ricardo (2006). La invasión filibustera de Nicaragua y la Guerra Nacional (PDF) (in Spanish). Secretaría General del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana SG-SICA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2009.