Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld

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Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld, lithograph by Eduard Kaiser, 1866

Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld (15 July 1817 – 25 May 1896) was an Austro-Hungarian military officer who fought against

Transleithania (Hungary and Croatia) was introduced, corporal punishment in military service was abolished, and the Franz-Josephinian Land Survey was initiated. He was a supporter of the Austro-Hungarian polar expedition and an opponent of the Austria-Hungary's 1879 alliance with the German Empire
.

Life

Ludwig Ferdinand Graf, 1890, Museum of Military History, Vienna
)

Kuhn was born 15 July

Major General
.

In the

Tirol against the Italians. Although outnumbered, he managed to fend off attacks by Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces in skirmishes at Monte Suello (3 July), Vezza (4 July), Spondalunga (11 July), Cimego (16 July), and Monte Notta (18 July). On the 21st of July, his central force was defeated by Garibaldi at the Battle of Bezzecca and Trento came under immediate threat, but he was able to recover the position in skirmishes against the Italian troops under Giacomo Medici at Borgo Valsugana on 23 July and at Vigolo on 25 July. Due to his well-chosen troop disposition and his flexible leadership, he was able to regain control of the Trentino. For his successful defence of the southern border of Tyrol, he was awarded the Commander's Cross in the Order of Maria Theresa and on 17 August 1866 he was promoted to lieutenant field marshal
.

Minister of War

On 18 January 1868, Emperor

Franz Joseph I appointed Kuhn Imperial and Royal Minister of War. He served until 14 June 1874, during which time a set of identical Austrian and Hungarian laws were passed which introduced a unified system of conscription[2][3] in both parts of Austria-Hungary, and to finally end corporal punishment in the military.[4] On the same day as the new Austrian military law came into force on 5 December 1868, Emperor Franz Joseph I awarded Kuhn the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold.[5] Over the following years, he began the dissolution of the Military Frontier with the Ottoman Empire
. On 23 April 1873, he was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal.

Since Austria-Hungary's military charts had proven inadequate in the

contour lines
. These charts remained in use in some places until the 1960s.

Drawing on his experience of fighting on the Alpine frontier during the

alpine warfare
.

During his time as a Major General in the Tyrol in September 1864, Kuhn noticed a young lieutenant named Julius Payer, who had sketched some maps while on a mountaineering holiday. Payer later claimed that the meeting with Kuhn had been the decisive moment in his life.[7] When Kuhn was appointed Minister of War at the beginning of 1868, he assigned Payer to the Institute of Military Geography, whose director August von Fligely further supported Payer.[7] In order to produce new maps of Mount Adamello and Ortler, Payer was assigned three Kaiserjäger, 1,000 guilder, and a theodolite.[8]

After Payer had completed this survey work in autumn 1868, Kuhn released him from service in January 1869, in order to allow him to participate in the Second German North Polar Expedition (1869-1870), led by Carl Koldewey.[7] Kuhn was later also a supporter of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition (1872-1874) led by Payer and Karl Weyprecht, which discovered Franz Josef Land. The historian Günther Hamann identified Kuhn as the key figure in Payer's academic career and the launching of the expedition.[9] As a result of this patronage, Kuhn Island off the eastern coast of Greenland and Kuhn Island in Franz Josef Land were named in his honour.

On 14 July 1874, Kuhn was dismissed by Franz Joseph I from the position of Minister of War and appointed as Commander General of

Steiermark, Carinthia, and Carniola
.

Later life

As an Austrian patriot and opponent of Prussia, Kuhn unsuccessfully argued for intervening on the French side in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. In the 1880s he made no secret of his opposition to the Dual Alliance with the German Empire and advocated an alternative alliance with the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire, by abandoning Austria-Hungary's eastern policy (including the occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina) and committing to the destruction of Prussia. Kuhn was totally supported in this position by Crown Prince Rudolf. Seven weeks after a discussion of these issues with Rudolf in May 1888, Kuhn was suddenly and unexpectedly sent into retirement, probably because Rudolf had named him as someone who shared his own views.

Kuhn had a daughter, Rosa Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld (22 February 1856 - 30 October 1917), who had married on 24 June 1878, Julius Cäsar von Strassoldo, a nephew of Julius Cäsar von Strassoldo [de] and of Franziska Romana Strassoldo (wife of Joseph Radetzky von Radetz). After his retirement, Kuhn acquired an estate at Strassoldo in Gorizia and Gradisca, near the one which his daughter had inherited from her father-in-law. Kuhn died at this estate of a heart attack, still bitter about his "bleak position", on 25 May 1896.[10]

Honours and arms

Baronial arms of Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld, granted in 1852.

He received the following orders and decorations:[11]

Austrian awards[12]
Foreign awards

References

  1. ^ BLKÖ
  2. ^ Austria: RGBl. Nr. 151 vom 5. Dezember 1868
  3. ^ "Kriegsminister als Erfinder der Wehrpflicht - Franz Kuhn Freiherr von Kuhnenfeld".
  4. ANNO)Template:ANNO/Maintenance/bbb
  5. ANNO)Template:ANNO/Maintenance/wrz
  6. ^ Ernst Hofstätter, Beiträge zur Geschichte der österreichischen Landesaufnahmen: Ein Überblick der topographischen Aufnahmeverfahren, deren Ursprünge, ihrer Entwicklungen und Organisationsformen der vier österreichischen Landesaufnahmen. Herausgegeben vom Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen. 2 volumes. Vienna 1989, pp. 99–100, DNB 943727200.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-3-7022-3441-6
    .
  8. ANNO)Template:ANNO/Maintenance/tsa
  9. ISBN 3-205-98041-7
    . p. 251
  10. ^ Tageszeitung Neue Freie Presse, Wien, 26. Mai 1896, p. 3.
  11. ^ "K. und K. Generalität", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1896, p. 241, retrieved 3 February 2021
  12. ^ "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1896, pp. 63-64, 68, 84, retrieved 3 February 2021
  13. ^ "Ritter-Orden: K.K. Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Österreichischen Kaiserthumes, 1856, p. 41, retrieved 5 February 2021
  14. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1881, p. 381, retrieved 2021-02-03 – via runeberg.org

Bibliography

External links

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