French destroyer Le Malin

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Le Malin underway, circa 1940
History
France
NameLe Malin
Ordered23 May 1931
BuilderForges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée, La Seyne-sur-Mer
Laid down16 November 1931
Launched17 August 1933
Completed1 May 1936
Commissioned20 December 1935
In service8 June 1936
ReclassifiedAs a light cruiser, 28 September 1943
Stricken3 February 1964
FateScrapped, 1977
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeLe Fantasque-class destroyer
Displacement
Length132.4 m (434 ft 5 in)
Beam12 m (39 ft 4 in)
Draft4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
Installed power
Propulsion2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines
Speed37 knots (69 km/h; 43 mph) (designed)
Range2,900 nmi (5,400 km; 3,300 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement11 officers, 254 sailors (wartime)
Armament

Le Malin ("The evil one / The clever one / The Devil") was one of six

Norwegian Campaign in late April. After returning to the Mediterranean, she screened French cruisers
several times as they unsuccessfully hunted for Italian ships after Italy declared war in June.

After most of

French Morocco, when the Allies invaded French North Africa in late 1942. Badly damaged during the attack and captured afterwards, the ship required temporary repairs before she was sent to the United States for permanent repairs and modernization in mid-1943. She returned to the Mediterranean at the beginning of 1944 where she spent the rest of the year searching for Axis shipping with two of her sisters. In between raids, the ship provided naval gunfire support during Operation Dragoon
, the invasion of Southern France in mid-1944. Le Malin had her bow severed during a collision in December and repairs took almost a year to complete.

The ship was only intermittently active for the rest of the 1940s, but was modernized to serve as an escort for French

hulk was finally scrapped
in 1977.

Design and description

The Le Fantasque-class ships were designed to counter the fast Italian

kW; 73,000 shp), which would propel the ship at 37 knots (69 km/h; 43 mph). During her sea trials on 28 August 1935, her turbines provided 97,956 metric horsepower (72,047 kW; 96,616 shp) and she reached 42.3 knots (78.3 km/h; 48.7 mph) for a single hour. Le Malin carried enough fuel oil to give her a range of 2,900 nautical miles (5,400 km; 3,300 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). The crew of the Le Fantasque class consisted of 11 officers and 221 crewmen in peacetime with the number of the latter increasing to 254 in wartime.[3]

The main armament of the Le Fantasques consisted of five

traverse to both sides, but the forward mounts were positioned one on each broadside. A pair of depth charge chutes were built into their stern; these housed a total of sixteen 200-kilogram (440 lb) depth charges with another dozen available in the torpedo magazine. They could also be fitted with rails capable of handling 40 naval mines.[4]

Modifications

In April 1939, the

bridge wings were enlarged to accommodate the Hotchkiss machine guns on Le Malin. After the war began in September, 200 kg depth-charge stowage increased to 48 and a pair of rails were installed on the stern for 35-kilogram (77 lb) depth charges. Each rail could accommodate 3 depth charges and 15 more were stored in the magazine. In early 1940 twin-gun 37 mm mounts replaced the single-gun mounts. Before the ship sailed to Dakar in September, a single Browning 13.2-millimeter anti-aircraft machine gun was installed on top of the aft ammunitions hoists; a second gun was added in the same location in February 1941. Later that year or in 1942, the Hotchkiss machine guns were transferred to new platforms on the center superstructure and their former positions were occupied by the Brownings. During her 1942 refit in Casablanca, Le Malin had the aft superstructure remodeled to create a platform atop the aft ammunition hoists and platforms on each side for 37 mm guns. The twin-gun mounts was repositioned on the upper platform and one of the lower platforms while the other one was occupied by a single mount as there was a shortage of twin-gun mounts. In May the ship was provided with an Alpha-2 sonar system in cases pending the modification of the hull to accommodate the required flexible underwater dome.[5]

Construction and career

Ordered on 23 May 1931 as part of the 1930 Naval Program, Le Malin was

Minister of the Navy, reviewed the fleet, including the Le Fantasques.[6]

World War II

Both the 8th and 10th Scout Divisions were assigned to the Force de Raid when war was declared in September 1939; it made only a single sortie as a complete unit on 2–6 September when it responded to an erroneous report that German ships had left port. Afterwards it was dispersed into smaller groups to search for German commerce raiders and blockade runners.[7] During 21–30 October, the Force de Raid, including the Le Fantasques, screened Convoy KJ 4 against a possible attack by the heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee. On 25 November the 8th Scout Division, which consisted of Le Malin, L'Indomptable, and Le Triomphant, rendezvoused with the battleship Strasbourg and escorted her to Brest.[8]

In anticipation of an Italian declaration of war, the Force de Raid, including the 8th Scout Division, assembled in

Mers-el-Kébir, French Algeria, on 5–9 April 1940, only to return to Brest when the Germans invaded Norway on the 10th. On the night of 23/24 April 1940, the 8th Scout Division made a high-speed patrol of the Skagerrak, hoping to attack German merchantmen headed for Norway. They encountered two patrol boats and damaged one of them while also engaging a pair of S-boats to little effect and narrowly missed spotting a convoy of minelayers. Le Malin then began having engine problems and the ships were forced to reduce speed. Near-misses by German bombers damaged one of Le Triomphant's propeller shafts as they withdrew. Le Malin and L'Indomptable returned to Mers-el-Kébir on 9 May, but transferred shortly afterwards to nearby Algiers. She took part in a sortie by the Force de Raid into the Western Mediterranean on 12–13 June, after Italy declared war on the Allies on the 10th. Le Malin then began escorting convoys evacuating personnel from mainland France to French North Africa. and escorted cruisers fruitlessly searching for Italian cruisers on 23–24 June after an erroneous report that they were at sea. After the British attack on Mers-el-Kébir on 3 July, the ship escorted the Algiers-based cruisers that failed to rendezvous with Strasbourg after she escaped from Mers-el-Kébir and later arrived at Toulon.[9]

By the end of August, all of French Equatorial Africa had joined

Rear Admiral) Célestin Bourragué and were forced to return to Casablanca. Le Malin and L'Audacieux finally reached Dakar on 20 September.[10] A powerful British and Free French force was already en route to Dakar; their mission was to rally it to the Free French or to conquer it. The Vichy French garrison refused General Charles de Gaulle's appeal to join the Free French on the 23rd and opened fire on the British ships.[11] The Vichy French destroyers were tasked to make a continuous smoke screen to protect the cruisers as they maneuvered to avoid British shells; Le Malin was not damaged during the battle. She began a refit at Casablanca on 13 July 1942, the refit was almost complete when the Allies invaded Morocco on 8 November.[12]

Free French operations

Le Malin or her sister ship Le Triomphant at sea after her overhaul in Boston

The ship was not struck when they bombarded the port, but a ricocheting 16-inch (406 mm) shell fired by the battleship

40-millimeter (1.6 in) Bofors guns in a quadruple mount superfiring over the aft 138.6 mm guns, and two twin mounts forward of the aft funnel; ten 20-millimeter (0.8 in) Oerlikon guns were also added in single mounts, four on the sides of the bridge and the remaining guns on platforms on the aft superstructure and where the torpedo mount had been. Unlike Le Terrible and Le Fantasque, Le Malin received four depth charge throwers abreast the aft superstructure. After the refit, she was reclassified as a light cruiser and the 10th Scout Division was redesignated as the 10th Light Cruiser Division (Division de croiseurs légers). Despite the modernization work in Boston, the ships' turbines were prone to frequent breakdowns during heavy use and required a lot of maintenance. To compensate, the French adopted a policy of keeping two of the three ships in the 10th Light Cruiser Division (LCD) operational at any one time while the third ship was repaired.[13]

Leaving the United States on 19 December, Le Malin joined Le Fantasque in the

scuttled sister L'Indomptable.[14]

Postwar activities

After finishing her repairs, the ship conducted several transport missions. On 1 January 1947, the 10th LCD was combined with the 4th Division of Cruisers into the Cruiser Group. During this time only two of the four surviving ships of the class were active at any one time because of a shortage of trained personnel. Le Malin and Le Terrible were active in 1947 and the former began refit at

Navy List on 3 February 1964 and then used as a breakwater at Lorient in 1965–1976 before she was broken up in 1977.[15]

References

  1. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 137, 139–140
  2. ^ Roberts, p. 268
  3. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 140, 143–144
  4. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 145–151
  5. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 156–159
  6. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 138–139, 208, 213–215
  7. ^ Jordan & Moulin, p. 222
  8. ^ Rohwer, pp. 7, 9
  9. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 226–227, 231, 233
  10. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 233–235
  11. ^ Rohwer, p. 42
  12. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 234–235, 245
  13. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 245, 268–274
  14. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 261–262, 264–265, 274, 280–282
  15. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 279–282

Bibliography

  • Jordan, John & Moulin, Jean (2015). French Destroyers: Torpilleurs d'Escadre & Contre-Torpilleurs 1922–1956. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. .
  • Roberts, John (1980). "France". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 255–279. .
  • .