Frogs in culture
Frogs play a variety of roles in culture, appearing in
Frogs are the subjects of fables attributed to Aesop, of proverbs in various cultures, and of art. Frog characters such as Kermit the Frog and Pepe the Frog feature in popular culture. They are eaten in some parts of the world including France. In Australia, a fondant dessert is known as frog cake.
History
On the other hand, researcher Anna Engelking drew attention to the fact that studies on Indo-European mythology and its language see "a link between frogs and the underworld, and – by extension – sickness and death".[2]
Ancient Mesopotamia
In the
Ancient Egypt
To the Egyptians, the frog was a symbol of life and fertility, since millions of them were born after the annual flooding of the Nile, which brought fertility to the otherwise barren lands. Consequently, in Egyptian mythology, there began to be a frog-goddess, who represented fertility, named Heqet. Heqet was usually depicted as a frog, or a woman with a frog's head, or more rarely as a frog on the end of a phallus to explicitly indicate her association with fertility.[4] A lesser known Egyptian god, Kek, was also sometimes shown in the form of a frog.[5]
Texts of the
Classical antiquity
The Greeks and Romans associated frogs with fertility and harmony, and with licentiousness in association with Aphrodite.[4] The combat between the Frogs and the Mice (Batrachomyomachia) was a mock epic, commonly attributed to Homer, though in fact a parody of his Iliad.[8][9][10] The Frogs Who Desired a King is a fable, attributed to Aesop. The Frogs prayed to Zeus asking for a King. Zeus set up a log to be their monarch. The Frogs protested they wanted a fierce and terrible king, not a mere figurehead. So Zeus sent them a Stork to be their king. The new king hunted and devoured his subjects. Aesop wrote a fable about a frog trying to inflate itself to the size of an ox. Phaedrus (and later Jean de La Fontaine) wrote versions of this fable. The Frogs is a comic play by Aristophanes, in which the choir of frogs sings the famous onomatopoeic line: "Brekekekex koax koax."[11]
In the Bible, the Second Plague of Egypt described in the Book of Exodus 8:6 is of frogs. In the New Testament, frogs are associated with unclean spirits in Revelation 16:13.[4]
Medieval and Early Modern
Medieval
The Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō wrote one of his most famous haiku about a frog jumping into an old pond.[13]
In folk and fairy tales
The frog is also a character in many fairy tales, be it tales from oral tradition or literary reworkings by later writers.[14]
The frog or toad appears as a potential suitor to a female human in variants of the Aarne–Thompson–Uther type ATU 440, "The Frog King".[15] The most famous is the story of The Frog Prince. It also appears as a female bride in tales of type ATU 402, "The Animal Bride",[16] such as Puddocky (German fairy tale), The Frog Princess (Russian fairy tale) and The Three Feathers (German fairy tale).
It also acts as a helper of the heroes and heroines, such as in the beginning of the story of the Sleeping Beauty, and in French literary fairy tales The Benevolent Frog (by MMe. d'Aulnoy) and The Little Green Frog.
In Hans Christian Andersen's lengthy fairy tale "The Marsh King's Daughter," a beautiful young woman is transformed, night after night, into a large, mournful frog. With the first rays of dawn, she changes back to human form.
The toad appears as a transformation for the hero Jiraiya in the Japanese story The Tale of the Gallant Jiraiya.
The frog appears in the form of a beautiful maiden, named Bheki, in a tale from Sanskrit legend. The amphibian, in this story, symbolizes the sun.[17]
In modern culture
Proverbs and popular traditions
The "frog in a well" saying about having a narrow vision of life is found in Sanskrit ("Kupa Manduka", कुपमन्डुक),[18] in Bengali, কুপমন্ডুক), in Vietnamese "Ếch ngồi đáy giếng coi trời bằng vung" ("Sitting at the bottom of wells, frogs think that the sky is as wide as a lid"), and in Malay "Bagai katak dibawah tempurung" ("Like a frog under a coconut shell").. The Chinese versions are "坐井觀天" ("sitting in the well, looking to the sky") and "井底之蛙" ("a frog in a well") from the Taoist classic Zhuangzi that has a frog living in an abandoned well, who talks about things big and small with the turtle of the Eastern Sea.[19]
Other frog proverbs include the American "You can't tell by looking at a frog how high he will jump" and the Iranian "When the snake gets old, the frog gets him by the balls."[20]
In Chinese traditional culture, frogs represent the lunar yin, and the Frog spirit Ch'ing-Wa Sheng is associated with healing and good fortune in business, although a frog in a well is symbolic of a person lacking in understanding and vision.[4]
The supposed behavior of frogs illustrating nonaction is told in the often-repeated story of the boiled frog: put a frog in boiling water and it will jump out, but put it in cold water and slowly heat it, and it will not notice the danger and will be boiled alive. The story was based on nineteenth century experiments in which frogs were shown to stay in heating water as long as it was heated very slowly.[21] The validity of the experiments is however disputed. Professor Douglas Melton, Harvard University Biology Department, says: "If you put a frog in boiling water, it won't jump out. It will die. If you put it in cold water, it will jump before it gets hot—they don't sit still for you."[22]
The short poem "What a queer bird", which appeared in magazines in the 1920s, is about the qualities of a frog from a bird's perspective.[23][24][25]
In Finland, miniature wooden coffins containing frogs have been discovered under the floors of some churches, and in other places such as in a field, under a cowshed, in rapids, or in a hearth. They are thought[according to whom?] to have been part of a practice of magic, or to protect against magic.[26]
According to researcher Anna Engelking, there is a certain naming taboo in Polish folk belief regarding calling a child a frog, since it may stunt the child's growth. Hence, there is a verbal avoidance of mentioning the frog by its name, instead using a euphemism that denotes some trait (i.e, 'the one that jumps').[27]
In art
The
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Mochefrog, 200 AD
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Wrestling frogs from Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, cartoon, Japan, 12th century
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Dead Frog with Flies by Ambrosius Bosschaert II, c. 1630
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Detail ofCatherine the Great of Russia
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Crapaud et Grenouille ("Frog and Toad") byJean Carriès, between 1889 and 1894
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Entre ciel et terre, by Gustave Doré, 1862
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Hermenegildo Bustos, Still life with fruit, 1874
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Old Dutch tile from Friesland
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Roman lamp mount shaped like a frog.
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Frog pictured in the coat of arms of Baloži
Contemporary pop culture
The theme of
Several Pokémon species are based on frogs and toads, such as the Poliwrath, Politoed, Seismitoad, Toxicroak, and Greninja evolutionary families.[34][35]
Pepe the Frog is a frog character from a webcomic which became a popular Internet meme, and was eventually used as a symbol of the alt-right movement.[37][38]
In the Disney animated series Amphibia, anthropomorphic frogs are one of the fictional races from an alternate universe of the same namesake and as anthropomorphic amphibians are the sentient beings there, the frogs seem to play the role of humans.
In the webcomic Homestuck, universes exist in the form of enormous Genesis Frogs. In the game Undertale, which took inspiration from it, frogs exist as the common monster enemy Froggits.
Cuisine and confectionery
Frogs are eaten, notably in France. One dish is known as cuisses de grenouille, frogs' legs, and although it is not especially common, it is taken as indicative of French cuisine. From this, "frog" has also developed into a common derogatory term for French people in English.[40]
See also
- Ethnoherpetology
- List of fictional frogs
- Salamanders in folklore and legend
- Frogs portal
References
- ^ Lang, Andrew. Myth, Ritual and Religion. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green. 1906. pp. 42-46.
- ISBN 978-83-64031-63-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-7141-1705-6.
- ^ ISBN 1-85538-118-4.
- ^ Methuen & Co.pp. 284–286.
- ^ Smith, Mark (2002). On the Primaeval Ocean. p. 38.
- ISBN 0-500-05120-8.
- ^ Plutarch. De Herodoti Malignitate, 43, or Moralia, 873f.
- ^ A. Ludwich (1896).
- ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Batrachomyomachia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Aristophanes, Frogs. Kenneth Dover (ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 2.
- ISBN 9780826412218. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
- ^ "Matsuo Bashō's Frog Haiku (Thirty-one Translations and One Commentary)". Bureau of Public Secrets. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- ISBN 0-520-03537-2
- ^ Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p. 131.
- ^ "‘Cupid, Psyche, and the “Sun-Frog”’, Custom and Myth: (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1884)." In The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Selected Writings of Andrew Lang, Volume 1: Anthropology, Fairy Tale, Folklore, The Origins of Religion, Psychical Research, edited by Teverson Andrew, Warwick Alexandra, and Wilson Leigh, 66-78. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. Accessed June 25, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt16r0jdk.9.
- ^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2011-09-08). "Frog in the well". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ Zhuangzi, Chapters 秋水 ("The Floods of Autumn") and 至樂 ("Perfect Enjoyment"). Chinese text and James Legge's English translation.
- ^ Quoted at the end of Embroideries by Marjane Satrapi.
- ^ Sedgwick, William (July 1888). "Studies From the Biological Laboratory". N. Murray, Johns Hopkins University.
in one experiment the temperature was raised at a rate of 0.002°C. per second, and the frog was found dead at the end of 2½ hours without having moved.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant". Retrieved 2006-03-10.
- ^ "Pleasantries". Christian Register. Vol. 101, no. 39. 1922-09-28.
- ^ "The Frog". American Consular Bulletin. Vol. 4. 1922.
- ^ "The Frog Round: a Children's Folk Song sung as a Round". Music Files Ltd. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
- ^ Hukantaival, Sonja (2015). "Frogs in Miniature Coffins from Churches in Finland - Folk Magic in Christian Holy Places" (PDF). Mirator. 16 (1): 192–220.
- ISBN 978-83-64031-63-2
- ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1997.
- ^ "Frog". National Gallery. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ Badger, David P. Frogs (S.l.: Voyageur Press, 2001) includes chapters on "frogs in popular culture, their physical characteristics and behavior, and environmental challenges."Are There Fewer Frogs? Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mahan, Colin (26 July 2005). "Michigan J. Frog has no leg to stand on". TV.com. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Characters / The Muppet Show. Kermit the Frog". TV Tropes.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "The Poliwag Family". Bogleech. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ "The Froakie Family". Bogleech. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ My Hero Academia (TV Series 2016– ) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-03-28
- ^ Furie, Matt (October 13, 2016). "Pepe the Frog's Creator: I'm Reclaiming Him. He Was Never About Hate". Time. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ Segal, Oren (September 29, 2016). "Pepe the Frog: yes, a harmless cartoon can become an alt-right mascot". The Guardian. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ "Suwako Moriya".
- ^ "Why do the French call the British 'the roast beefs'?". BBC News. 3 April 2003. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ "Freddo The Frog creator dies". The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 January 2007.
- ^ "Protection for frog cake". The Advertiser. 12 September 2001. p. 9.
- ISBN 0-679-72647-0.
- ^ "J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript". The Leaky Cauldron. 30 July 2007. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2007.
Further reading
- Vince-Pallua, Jelka. "What Can the Mythical Frog Tell Us? The Symbolism and Role of the Frog in History and Modernity". In: Folklore-Electronic Journal of Folklore, 77 (2019): 63-91. doi:10.7592/FEJF2019.77.pallua