GOES-16
NOAA | |||||||||||||||
COSPAR ID | 2016-071A | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SATCAT no. | 41866 | ||||||||||||||
Website | www | ||||||||||||||
Mission duration | Planned: 15 years Elapsed: 7 years, 5 months, 7 days | ||||||||||||||
Spacecraft properties | |||||||||||||||
Bus | A2100A | ||||||||||||||
Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin | ||||||||||||||
Launch mass | 5,192 kg (11,446 lb) | ||||||||||||||
Dry mass | 2,857 kg (6,299 lb) | ||||||||||||||
Dimensions | 6.1 × 5.6 × 3.9 m (20 × 18 × 13 ft) | ||||||||||||||
Power | 4 kW | ||||||||||||||
Start of mission | |||||||||||||||
Launch date | 19 November 2016, 23:42 SLC-41 | ||||||||||||||
Contractor | United Launch Alliance | ||||||||||||||
Entered service | 18 December 2017 | ||||||||||||||
Orbital parameters | |||||||||||||||
Reference system | Semi-major axis 42,164.8 km (26,200.0 mi) | | |||||||||||||
Eccentricity | 0.0001538 | ||||||||||||||
Perigee altitude | 35,780.2 km (22,232.8 mi) | ||||||||||||||
Apogee altitude | 35,793.1 km (22,240.8 mi) | ||||||||||||||
Inclination | 0.0363° | ||||||||||||||
Period | 1,436.1 minutes | ||||||||||||||
Epoch | 1 March 2018, 18:22:45[1] | ||||||||||||||
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GOES-R mission insignia GOES-15 → |
GOES-16, formerly known as GOES-R before reaching
GOES-16's design and instrumentation began in 1999 and was intended to fill key NOAA satellite requirements published that year. Following nearly a decade of instrument planning, spacecraft fabrication was contracted to
Background
Instrument conceptualization
The
More concrete development of GOES-16 began with the initial designs of an Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), which started in June 1999 under the direction of Tim Schmitt of the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS).[4][5] At its inception, ten spectral bands were considered for inclusion in the new ABI, derived from six instruments on other satellites. In September 1999, the NOAA Research and Development Council endorsed the continued development of the instrument with the suggested bandwidths and frequencies.[6] As the instrument became further realized, the number of potential spectral bands increased from the initial ten, to twelve by October 1999.[4] Alongside the ABI, development also began on the Advanced Baseline Sounder (ABS), which would form a part of a Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) of instruments on the next generation GOES satellites.[3] Like the ABI, the HES also marked significant improvements in resolution and spatial coverage.[7] Initial forecasts were for the ABI to be included as part of GOES beginning with the projected launch of GOES-Q in 2008.[8]
In 2001, NOAA planned for the
Construction
In December 2008, NASA and NOAA selected
Spacecraft design
GOES-16 and other satellites of the GOES-R generation are based around a derivative of Lockheed Martin's
Instruments
Earth-facing
The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) and Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) make up GOES-16's Earth-facing, or nadir-pointing, instruments. These are positioned on a stable precision-pointed platform isolated from the rest of the spacecraft.[25]
Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)
The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) is the primary
The sensors on the ABI are made of different materials depending on the spectral band, with
The ABI takes images with three different geographic extents,
The ABI onboard GOES-16 represents a significant improvement over the imager onboard previous GOES satellites. The sixteen spectral bands on the ABI, as opposed to the five on the previous GOES generation, represents a two-fold increase in spectral information. In addition, the ABI features up to four times greater spatial resolution and five times greater temporal resolution over the previous GOES imager.
Band | λ (μm) | Central λ (μm) |
Pixel spacing (km) |
Nickname | Classification | Primary function | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.45–0.49 | 0.47 | 1 | Blue | Visible | Aerosols | [37] |
2 | 0.59–0.69 | 0.64 | 0.5 | Red | Visible | Clouds | [38] |
3 | 0.846–0.885 | 0.865 | 1 | Veggie | Near-infrared | Vegetation | [39] |
4 | 1.371–1.386 | 1.378 | 2 | Cirrus | Near-infrared | Cirrus | [40] |
5 | 1.58–1.64 | 1.61 | 1 | Snow/Ice | Near-infrared | Snow/ice discrimination, cloud phase | [41] |
6 | 2.225–2.275 | 2.25 | 2 | Cloud Particle Size | Near-infrared | Cloud particle size, snow cloud phase | [42] |
7 | 3.80–4.00 | 3.90 | 2 | Shortwave Window | Infrared | Fog, stratus, fire, volcanism | [43] |
8 | 5.77–6.6 | 6.19 | 2 | Upper-level Tropospheric Water Vapor | Infrared | Various atmospheric features | [44] |
9 | 6.75–7.15 | 6.95 | 2 | Mid-level Tropospheric Water Vapor | Infrared | Water vapor features | [45] |
10 | 7.24–7.44 | 7.34 | 2 | Lower-level Tropospheric Water Vapor | Infrared | Water vapor features | [46] |
11 | 8.3–8.7 | 8.5 | 2 | Cloud-Top Phase | Infrared | Cloud-top phase | [47] |
12 | 9.42–9.8 | 9.61 | 2 | Ozone | Infrared | Total column ozone | [48] |
13 | 10.1–10.6 | 10.35 | 2 | Clean Infrared Longwave Window | Infrared | Clouds | [49] |
14 | 10.8–11.6 | 11.2 | 2 | Infrared Longwave Window | Infrared | Clouds | [50] |
15 | 11.8–12.8 | 12.3 | 2 | Dirty Infrared Longwave Window | Infrared | Clouds | [51] |
16 | 13.0–13.6 | 13.3 | 2 | CO2 Longwave Infrared | Infrared | Air temperature, clouds | [52] |
Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)
The GOES-16 Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is a single-channel
Unforeseen during the instrument design, GLM is able to detect Bolides in the atmosphere and thereby facilitates meteor sciences.[63]
Sun-facing
The Sun-facing, or solar-pointing, components of GOES-16 include the EXIS and SUVI, which are located on a Sun Pointing Platform (SPP) on the spacecraft's solar array yoke; the SPP tracks the seasonal and daily movement of the sun relative to GOES-16, and also supports GOES-16's Unique Payload Services.[25]
Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS)
The Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) are a pair of sensors that monitor
Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI)
The Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI) is an ultraviolet telescope onboard GOES-16 that produces full-disk images of the sun in the extreme ultraviolet range, succeeding the former GOES Solar X-ray Imager instrument onboard previous GOES satellite generations. The goals of SUVI are to locate coronal holes, detect and locate solar flares, monitor changes that indicate coronal mass ejections, detect active regions beyond the Sun's east limb, and analyze the complexity of active regions on the sun. The telescope is composed of six different wavelength bands centered between 94–304 Å specialized for different solar features.[66] The GOES-16's ultraviolet imager is analogous to the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory.[67]
Space environment
GOES-16 features two instruments, the Magnetometer (MAG) and Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS), that provide localized in-situ observations of high-energy particles and magnetic fields in geostationary orbit.[25]
Magnetometer (MAG)
The GOES-16 Magnetometer (MAG) is a tri-axial
Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS)
The Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS) consists of four sensors with a wide variance in
Launch and mission profile
NASA selected the
On 18 November 2016, the mated GOES-R spacecraft and the Atlas V launch vehicle were moved to the launch pad at Space Launch Complex 41.
The spacecraft then initiated several burns using its own independent propulsion systems to refine its orbit to place it in the intended geostationary position, with eight days dedicated to increasing its orbital radius and four to orbital fine-tuning.
Unique Payload Services and data processing
Unique Payload Services
In addition to its primary science payload, GOES-16 also features the Unique Payload Services (UPS) suite which provide communications relay services ancillary to the mission's primary operations:[102]
- GOES Rebroadcast (GRB) – GOES-16's downlink is handled by the GRB system, which serves as the primary full resolution and near-real-time relay for the satellite's instrument data. The instrument data are processed as Level 1b data for all instruments and Level 2 data for the GLM.[note 3] The GRB replaces the former GOES VARiable (GVAR) service used by previous GOES spacecraft. The dual circular polarized signal is centered within the L band at 1686.6 MHz and consists of two 15.5 Mbit/s digital streams for a total data rate of 31 Mbit/s.[103][21]
- Data Collection System (DCS) – GOES-16 also serves as a relay satellite that rebroadcasts in-situ ground environmental observations, typically from remote locations, to other ground receiving sites. The GOES-16 DCS supports 433 user-platform channels with a downlink frequency range of 1679.70–1680.10 MHz.[102][104]
- Emergency Managers Weather Information Network (EMWIN) – EMWIN transmits products and other information from the United States National Weather Service. EMWIN is also coupled with the High Rate Information Transmission (HRIT) service, which broadcasts low-resolution GOES imagery and selected products to remotely located user HRIT terminals.[102]
- Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) – A SARSAT transponder on GOES-16 can detect distress signals and relay them to local user terminals to aid in the coordination of rescue operations. The transponder can be accessed with a relatively low uplink power of 32 dBm, allowing it to detect weak emergency beacons.[102]
Integrated ground system and data distribution
An integrated ground system for data acquisition, processing, and dissemination was specially designed for GOES-16 and other satellites in the GOES-R generation of GOES spacecraft. The NOAA Satellite Operations Facility in
In addition to GRB, which can be accessed by any calibrated receiver, GOES data is also distributed through other channels. The National Weather Service receives data directly from GOES-16 through the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) interface, which integrates meteorological and hydrological data with the agency's forecast and warning issuance systems. Real-time GOES-16 data is available through the Product Distribution and Access (PDA) system, while archived data is stored on the Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System (CLASS).[106]
GOES-R Proving Ground
The GOES-R Proving Ground was established in 2008 as a collaboration between the GOES-R series program office and a number of NOAA and NASA centers to prepare forecasters and other interests for new products that would be available with the GOES-R generation of weather satellites.
Participants in the proving ground program were classified as developers—those developing the satellite algorithms and training materials for GOES-R products—or users—the recipients of those products. The three primary developers in the program were the
See also
Notes
- ^ A heavy ion is an ion with a mass greater than helium-4.[73]
- ^ The digits of the 541 configuration indicate a payload fairing diameter of 5 m (16 ft), 4 AJ-60A solid rocket boosters complementing the Atlas V's first stage, and 1 engine on the Centaur upper-stage of the Atlas V.[87]
- ^ Level 1a refers to reconstructed, unprocessed instrument data at full resolution, time-referenced, and annotated with ancillary information, including radiometric and geometric calibration coefficients and georeferencing parameters. Level 1b data are Level 1A data that have been processed to sensor units. Level 2 data include derived geophysical variables at the same resolution and location as Level 1 source data.
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Attributions
- This article incorporates public domain material from Data Processing Levels. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
- This article incorporates public domain material from Instruments: Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
External links