Garonne
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Garonne | |
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Native name | Garona (Occitan) |
Location | |
Countries | France and Spain |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | Pyrenees |
• location | Alt Àneu, Catalonia, Spain |
• coordinates | 42°36′26″N 0°57′56″E / 42.607295°N 0.965424°E |
• elevation | 2,600 m (8,500 ft) |
Mouth | Gironde estuary, Atlantic Ocean |
• location | Bayon-sur-Gironde, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France |
• coordinates | 45°2′29″N 0°36′24″W / 45.04139°N 0.60667°W |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
Length | 529 km (329 mi) |
Basin size | 56,000 km2 (22,000 sq mi), or including Dordogne: 84,811 km2 (32,746 sq mi) |
Discharge | |
• average | 650 m3/s (23,000 cu ft/s) |
Basin features | |
Progression | Gironde estuary→ Atlantic Ocean |
The Garonne (
or Garunna) is a
Etymology
The name derives from Garumna, a Latinized version of the Aquitanian name meaning "stony river" ("kar" relating to "stone" and "-ona" relating to "river").
Geography
Sources
The Garonne's headwaters are to be found in the
The Uelh deth Garona at 1,862 metres (6,109 ft) above
The Ratera-Saboredo cirque is the head of the upper Garonne valley, and its upper lake at 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) above sea level is the origin of the Ruda-Garona river, running for 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to the confluence with the Beret-Garona brook and another 38 kilometres (24 mi) to the French border at Pont del Rei, 54 kilometres (34 mi) in total. At the confluence, the Ruda-Garona carries 2.6 cubic metres per second (92 cu ft/s) of water.[5][6] The Ratera-Saboredo cirque is considered by many researchers to be the origin of the Garonne.[7][8][9][10]
The third theory holds that the river rises on the slopes of Pic Aneto at 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) above sea level and flows by way of a
Despite the lack of universal agreement on definition for determining a stream's
The Ratera-Saboredo cirque is the "most distant point (along watercourses from the river mouth) in the drainage basin from which water runs"[21][22] and the source of the Garonne, according to the United States Geological Survey, the National Geographic Society and the Smithsonian Institution convention on determining a stream's source.
Course
The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, where it meets the Gironde estuary. The Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three other major rivers: the Ariège, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec d'Ambès, forming the Gironde estuary, which after approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other tributaries include the Save and the Gers.
The Garonne is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a
European sea sturgeon conservation
The
Towns along the river
- Vielha, Bossòst
- Haute-Garonne (31): Saint-Gaudens, Muret, Toulouse
- Tarn-et-Garonne (82): Castelsarrasin
- Lot-et-Garonne (47): Agen, Marmande, Aiguillon
- Gironde (33): Langon, Bordeaux
Main tributaries
Following the flow of the river, from source to mouth:
The Garonne plays an important role in inland shipping. The river not only allows seagoing vessels to reach the port of Bordeaux but also forms part of the Canal des Deux Mers, linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
From the ocean, ships pass through the
Hydrography
The upstream part of the river, upstream from Toulouse depends primarily on snow and snow melt. The lower/downstream part is rain fed as well as its main tributaries.
The Garonne also feeds several channels/canals:
- The Saint-Martory canal – Saint-Martory water intake takes 10 m3/s from the river;[30]
- The canal latéral à la Garonne – with the water intake in Toulouse by the Brienne canal.
SANDRE assigns to the Garonne a hydrographic identity number 0 --- 00000 and the generic code O --- 000014,15.
Floods
-
Flood of January 2022 in Toulouse.
A flood of the Garonne in 1930 broke the dike in Thivras (Marmande).
In Toulouse, the Garonne has been the cause of many floods, especially since its left bank is inhabited.
The earliest records of floods are from around 1177. It is also recorded to have flooded in 1220, 1258, 1430, 1523, 1536 and in 1589, 1608, 1658, 1673, 1675, 1709, 1712, 1727, 1750, 1772, 1788, 1804 and 1810. In 1772, the Garonne reached 8 meters 50.[31] In the recent centuries, in 1827, 1835, 1855 and 1856/7.
In Toulouse, in 1827, the water level of the Garonne rose four meters above the ordinary level and filled the arches of the Pont de Pierre and Pont Neuf.
In 1835, the Garonne rose to five meters above normal and 35 meters above the low water level and flowed through the four arcs of the Pont de Pierre.
Flood of the Garonne in 1835: 7,50 m at Toulouse Pont-Neuf
Flood of the Garonne in 1855: 7.25 m at Toulouse Pont-Neuf
Flood of the Garonne in 1875: 9,70 m to Toulouse Pont-Neuf (or 8m32 according to vigicrue).
Flood of the Garonne in 1879: 4,87 m at Toulouse Pont-Neuf
Flood of the Garonne in 1890: 3.30 m at Toulouse Pont-Neuf
Flood of the Garonne in 1900: 4,00 m in Toulouse Pont-Neuf
Flood of the Garonne in 1905: 4.24 m at Toulouse Pont-Neuf
Crete of 1927 in Aquitaine, particularly imposing after the confluence of the Garonne with the Lot (of which it remained raw reference), insignificant upstream18.
Flood of the Garonne in 1952: 4,57 m at Toulouse Pont-Neuf
Flood of the Garonne in 1977: 4,31 m in Toulouse Pont-Neuf
Flood of the Garonne in 2000: 4.38 m at Toulouse Pont-Neuf
Flood of the Garonne in 2004: 3,52 m at Toulouse Pont-Neuf
In 1777, the Garonne suffered an extraordinary flood to the point that the priest of Bourdelles took the trouble to retranscribe the event, at the end of the acts of the year, in the parish register of baptisms, marriages and deaths.
See also
References
- ^
OCLC 223027795.
- ^
Smith, William (1862). "GARUMNA". In Anthon, Charles (ed.). A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography, partly based upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology by William Smith [...]. Revised by Charles Anthon (revised ed.). New York: Harper (published 1895). p. 322. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
GARUMNA (now Garonne), one of the chief rivers of Gaul, rises in the Pyrenees, flows northwest through Aquitania, and becomes a bay of the sea below Burdigala (now Bordeaux).
- .
- ^ a b Le bassin versant de la Garonne, Syndicat Mixte d'Études & d'Aménagement de la Garonne
- ^ a b "3". oph.chebro.es. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
- ^ a b [1]
- ^ Salvador Rivas-Martínez (member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences); Manuel Costa (Professor of the Universitat de Valencia) (1998). "Datos sobre la vegetación y bioclima del Valle de Arán". Acta Bot. Barcinon. 45: 473–499.
- ^ Soler i Santaló; La Vall d'Aran. Guía monográfica de la comarca; pág. 12. Barcelona, 1916.
- ^ Faura i Sans (M.); Sobre hidrología subterránea en los Pirineos Centrales de Aragón y Cataluña. Bol. de la Real Soc. de Hist. Nat, vom. XVI, pgs. 353-354. Madrid, 1916.
- ^ Salvador, 1935-Rivas-Martínez; Manuel (Costa Talens), 1938-Costa (11 January 1998). "Boletín del Centro Excursionista de Cataluña". Acta Botanica Barcinonensia: 473–499.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ISBN 978-1-85284-328-1.
- ^ Casteret, Norbert (1939). Ten Years Under the Earth. Mussey, Barrows (trans). London: J. M. Dent.
- ^ Mapa topogràfic de Catalunya 1:100 000 (Map) (1st ed.). Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya. § 1: Pirineu occidental.
- ISBN 978-2-85816-273-4.
prouvant péremptoirement que la Garonne a sa vrai source et la plus importante dans les Monts Maudits, sur le versant Sud des Pyrénées ('proving conclusively that the Garonne has its true source, and the most important, in the Monts Maudits, on the southern slopes of the Pyrenees')
- ^ "VisorIGN". Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ^ "Largest Rivers in the United States" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ "National Geographic News @ nationalgeographic.com". Archived from the original on 13 April 2001.
- ^ "The True Utmost Reaches of the Missouri". Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ^ "IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
- ^ "Quest for the Missouri River Source, John LaRandeau, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ^ Instituto Geográfico Nacional; Ministerio de FOmento. "Visor cartográfico del Instituto Geográfico Nacional". Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- ^ s - Géoportail, le portail des territoires et des citoyens. "IGN France Cartes Topographie". Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-74272-010-4.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ ISBN 978-0-85825-868-6.)
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- ISBN 9781742720616.)
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ .
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2005). "Acipenser sturio" in FishBase. 10 2005 version.
- ISBN 978-2-910185-02-2.
- ^ "Garonne Irrigation channels". Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- ^ Astrié, Théophile (1875). Les drames de l'inondation à Toulouse / Théophile Astrié Éditeur : Éditeur : Librairie centrale (Toulouse) Date d'édition : 1875 gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5778575j. Librairie centrale (Toulouse): Arnaud et Labat (Paris).
External links
- Garonne and Gironde estuary detailed information on places, ports and moorings on the canal, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray
- Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals (French waterways website section
- History and real-time water heights of Garonne river and main tributaries