General (Germany)

General (German pronunciation:

The rank is rated OF-9 in NATO. It is grade B10 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence.

On the shoulder straps (Heer, Luftwaffe) there are four golden pips (stars) in golden oak leaves.

Bundeswehr sequence of ranks

junior rank: Generalleutnant

( German officer rank ) General

senior rank: no higher rank

By the 16th century, with the rise of standing armies, the German states had begun to appoint generals from the nobility to lead armies in battle.^{[citation needed]}

A standard rank system was developed during the

By the 17th and 18th centuries, the rank of general was present in all the militaries of the German states, and saw its greatest usage by the militaries of Bavaria and Prussia. It was these two militaries that created the concept of the “general staff”, which was often manned entirely by members of the nobility.^{[citation needed][dubious – discuss]} To be a general often implied membership in the noble class.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the ranks of German generals were established in four grades, beginning with Generalmajor, followed by Generalleutnant, General and Generalfeldmarschall. The standard uniforms and insignia, used for over a century, also developed during this period. The title of General included the officer's branch of service, leading to the titles of General der Infanterie ("general of the infantry"), General der Kavallerie ("general of the cavalry") and General der Artillerie ("general of the artillery").

In 1854, Prussia introduced the rank of

The grade of "supreme general in the rank of a field marshal" (Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls) was introduced in the Prussian/Imperial army in 1871. It was bestowed on senior generals usually holding the appointment of an army inspector and therefore army commanders designate in the case of hostilities. The shoulder board rank was crossed batons with three pips. The rank of supreme general proper (with three pips only) was created in 1901. In the Prussian army, the rank of field marshal could be awarded only to active officers in wartime if they had won a battle or stormed a fortress. In times of peace, the rank was awarded as an honorary rank to friendly princes and as Charakter (honorary) to generals of merit when they retired — "general with the honorary rank of field marshal" (General mit dem Charakter eines Generalfeldmarschall) - which was cancelled in 1911. At the same time, the rank insignia for supreme general with the rank of field marshal was changed to four pips without batons.^[citation needed]

The German rank of General saw its widest usage during World War II. Due to the massive expansion of the German armed forces (Wehrmacht), a new “wave” of generals was promoted in the 1930s that would lead Germany into war.^{[citation needed]}

Equivalent NATO code	OF-10	OF-9	OF-8	OF-7	OF-6
German Army
Luftwaffe
	Generalfeldmarschall	Generaloberst	General of the branch	Generalleutnant	Generalmajor
Waffen-SS	No equivalent
		SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer and Generaloberst of the Waffen-SS	SS-Obergruppenführer and General of the Waffen-SS	SS-Gruppenführer and Lieutenant general of the Waffen-SS	SS-Brigadeführer and Major general of the Waffen-SS

In 1936, Hitler revived the rank of field marshal.

The rank of Generaloberst is usually translated as "colonel general", but perhaps better translation would be "supreme general". A Generaloberst was usually an army commander.

In WW2 the German

The German Generalleutnant was usually a senior division commander.

The German Generalmajor was usually a junior division commander

The staff corps of the Wehrmacht, medical, veterinary, judicial and chaplain, used special designations for their general officers, with Generalarzt, Generalveterinär, Generalrichter and Feldbischof being the equivalent of Generalmajor; Generalstabsarzt, Generalstabsveterinär and Generalstabsrichter the equivalent of Generalleutnant; and (the unique) Generaloberstabsarzt, Generaloberstabsveterinär and Generaloberstabsrichter the equivalent of General.

With the formation of the Luftwaffe, air force generals began to use the same general ranks as the German army. The shoulder insignia was identical to that used by the army, with the addition of special collar patches worn by Luftwaffe general officers. The supreme rank of Reichsmarschall (Reich Marshal) was created in 1940 for Hermann Göring.^{[citation needed]}

In 1941, the

The senior colonel rank of SS-Oberführer has sometimes been considered to be a brigadier general equivalent; however, this is incorrect. The rank (in particular among the Waffen-SS) was not considered equivalent to a general officer, was not entitled to the grey lampasses and lapel facings of a general, and wore the shoulderboards of an army full-colonel or Oberst.^[2][3]

In the Bundeswehr, the rank of Brigadegeneral was inserted below the rank of Generalmajor. While the rank titles of Generalmajor, Generalleutnant and General were retained, each of those titles now denotes a higher rank than before (e.g. the Generalleutnant is now a three-star general).

Prior to the