Genisteae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the brooms of New Zealand, see Carmichaelia.

Genisteae
French broom, Genista monspessulana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Clade: Meso-Papilionoideae
Clade: Genistoids
Clade:
Core Genistoids
Tribe: Genisteae
(Bronn) Dumort 1827[1]
Genera[2][3]
Synonyms[4]
  • Cytiseae Horan. 1847
  • Laburneae (Rouy) Hutch. 1964
  • Lupineae (Rouy) Hutch. 1964
  • Genisteae subtribe Genistinae Bronn 1822
  • Uliceae Webb 1852

Genisteae is a

trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in the subfamily Faboideae of the family Fabaceae. It includes a number of well-known plants including broom, lupine (lupin), gorse and laburnum
.

The tribe's greatest diversity is in the Mediterranean, and most genera are

native
to Europe, Africa, the Canary Islands, India and southwest Asia. However, the largest genus, Lupinus, is most diverse in North and South America. Anarthrophytum and Sellocharis are also South American and Argyrolobium ranges into India.

Description

The Genisteae arose 32.3 ± 2.9 million years ago (in the

synapomorphies have been identified:

… bilabiate calyces with a bifid upper lip and a trifid lower lip, … the lack of an aril, or the presence of an aril but on the short side of the seed, and stamen filaments fused in a closed tube with markedly dimorphic anthers … and presence of α-pyridone alkaloids.[2]

Most (and possibly all) genera in the tribe produce

pyrrolizidine alkaloids.[11][10]

Name

Old English bróm is from a common West Germanic *bráma- (Old High German brâmo, "bramble"), from a Germanic stem bræ̂m- from Proto-Indo-European *bh(e)rem- "to project; a point",[12] with an original sense of "thorny shrub" or similar. Use of the branches of these plants for sweeping gave rise to the term broom for sweeping tools in the 15th century, gradually replacing Old English besema (which survives as dialectal or archaic besom).[13]

Cultivation

Cytisus scoparius, Common Broom. 1. Two-lipped calyx. 2. Broadly ovate vexillum or standard. 3. One of the alae or wings of the corolla. 4. Carina or keel. 5. Monadelphous stamens. 6. Hairy ovary with the long style, thickened upwards, and spirally curved. 7. Legume or pod.

Brooms tolerate (and often thrive best in) poor soils and growing conditions. In cultivation they need little care, though they need good drainage and perform poorly on wet soils.

They are widely used as ornamental landscape plants and also for wasteland reclamation (e.g. mine tailings) and sand dune stabilising.

Tagasaste (

Chamaecytisus proliferus), a Canary Islands
native, is widely grown as sheep fodder.

Species of broom popular in horticulture are purple broom (

Spartium junceum
).

Many of the most popular brooms in gardens are hybrids, notably Kew broom (Cytisus ×kewensis, hybrid between C. ardoinii and C. multiflorus) and Warminster broom (Cytisus ×praecox, hybrid between C. purgans and C. multiflorus).

Invasive species

On the east and west coasts of North America, common broom (Cytisus scoparius) was introduced as an

Spartium junceum
) are also considered noxious invasives, as broom quickly crowds out native vegetation, and grow most prolifically in the least accessible areas.

brooms in spring at Fondachelli-Fantina, Sicily

Historical uses

Geoffrey of Anjou, father of Henry II of England. Wild broom is still common in dry habitats around Anjou
, France.

Charles V and his son Charles VI of France used the pod of the broom plant (broom-cod, or cosse de geneste) as an emblem for livery collars and badges.[15]

woad or, later, indigo) to produce the once-famous "Kendal Green" (largely superseded by the brighter "Saxon Green" in the 1770s). Kendal
green is a local common name for the plant.

The flower buds and flowers of Cytisus scoparius have been used as a salad ingredient, raw or pickled, and were a popular ingredient for salmagundi or "grand sallet" during the 17th and 18th century. There are now concerns about the toxicity of broom, with potential effects on the heart and problems during pregnancy.[citation needed]

Scotch Broom is the Plant Badge of Clan Forbes.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Often treated as a section of Cytisus, rather than a segregate genus.[citation needed]
  2. ^ a b c d Often treated as a section of Genista, rather than a segregate genus.[citation needed]
  3. graft-chimera between Laburnum and Cytisus
    .

References

  1. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017
    .
  2. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001
    .
  3. USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program (2003). "GRIN genus records of Genisteae". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. Beltsville, Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Archived from the original
    on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  4. ^ Polhill, RM; van Wyk, B-E. (2013). "Kew entry for Genisteae". www.kew.org. London, England: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  5. S2CID 53341490
    .
  6. PMID 16085576
    .
  7. ISBN 0947643796
    .
  8. ISBN 184246017X
    .
  9. S2CID 85801868
    .
  10. ^
    doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00083-8
    .
  11. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1
    .
  12. ^ "broom - Origin and meaning of broom by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
  13. ISBN 978-0199206872
    .
  14. ^ http://www.invasive.org/gist/moredocs/cytsco01.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  15. ^ Nichols JG. (1842). "III. Observations on the Heraldic Devices discovered on the Effigies of Richard the Second and his Queen in Westminster Abbey, and upon the Mode in which those Ornaments were executed; including some Remarks on the surname Plantagenet, and on the Ostrich Feathers of the Prince of Wales". In Society of Antiquaries of London (ed.). Archaeologia: or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity. Vol. XXIX. J. B. Nichols and Son, London. p. 45.

Further reading

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