George Armistead

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George Armistead
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service1799–1800, 1801–1818
RankBrevet Lieutenant Colonel
Commands heldFort McHenry
Battles/wars
Relations
Lewis Addison Armistead (nephew – Confederate general from Virginia mortally wounded in "Pickett's Charge" at Battle of Gettysburg
– July 1863)

George Armistead (April 10, 1780 – April 25, 1818) was an American military officer, best known as the commander of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812.[1]

Early life and education

Armistead was born to the former Lucinda Baylor Page and her husband John Armistead at his Newmarket Plantation in

West Point
in 1803 and served for 42 years as a commissioned officer, including as the Army's chief engineer (from 1818 to 1821), then as colonel of the 3d Artillery Regiment until his death in 1845.

Career

This man's military career began during the

Quasi War with France, as he accepted a commission as an ensign in the 7th U.S. Infantry Regiment
on January 14, 1799. Although promoted to 2nd lieutenant on March 3 of the same year and to 1st lieutenant on May 14, 1800, he was discharged from the Army on June 15, 1800 as the Quasi War ended.

War of 1812

Five Armistead brothers served in the War of 1812, three in the regular army and two in the Virginia militia.[8]
As hostilities with Britain escalated, Armistead was promoted to major of the 3rd Artillery Regiment on March 3, 1813. He served as an artillery officer at Fort Niagara. Within months, on May 27, 1813, Armistead distinguished himself at the capture of Fort George (near the mouth of Niagara River in Canada) from the British, and received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel.[9] Armistead would later carry the captured British flags to President James Madison. Upon his arrival in Washington, Armistead was ordered to "take command of Fort McHenry."[10]
Statue of Armistead at Fort McHenry

When he arrived at Fort McHenry, located in the outer harbor of

Mary Pickersgill, her daughter, and seven seamstresses, and would be later memorialized by Francis Scott Key in the poem "The Star-Spangled Banner
", which became the American national anthem in 1931.

During the nearly 25-hour bombardment of Fort McHenry, commencing before dawn on September 13 until the morning of September 14, 1814, Armistead alone knew the fort's magazine was not bombproof. When a shell crashed through the roof of the magazine but failed to explode, Armistead ordered the powder barrels cleared out and placed under the rear walls of the fort. Remarkably, only four men were killed, when two shells smashed into the fort's southwest bastion, despite a deadly rain of some 2,000 mortar shells that the British bombardment fleet fired at the fort. Because the

Major-General Robert Ross, who was mortally wounded just before the Battle of North Point
on September 12, decided to withdraw.

Personal life

On October 26, 1810, he married Louisa Hughes, whose grandfather had emigrated from County Wexford in Ireland, and whose mother had been born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.[12] The couple had two daughters and a son and owned several enslaved people.[13]

Death and legacy

Following the battle, Armistead was soon promoted to the rank of

Benson Lossing, wrote "the tax upon his nervous system during that bombardment left him with a disease of the heart ... on the 25 of April, 1818 he expired, at the age of thirty eight years."[14] His funeral procession was described as "immense". He buried in the graveyard of Old St. Paul's Church in Baltimore. Baltimore constructed a marble monument which overlooks the city mentioning his role in the defense of Fort McHenry, and which with a later-erected building across from the Baltimore City Hall define a plaza near the harbor.[15]
Following his death, his widow inherited the Star-Spangled Banner (the larger of two flags displayed at the historic fort during the battle), which the family said was given to Armistead following the bombardment of Fort McHenry. Not only was the flag displayed during significant events (such as Lafayette's visit to Baltimore, which happened after this man's death), his widow and later family members distributed pieces as souvenirs, damaging the historic object. Nonetheless, generations of the family treasured the flag, and unlike the smaller battle flag, it survives to this day. His grandson, Ebenezer Appleton, lent it to the Smithsonian Institution in 1907 and made the loan permanent in 1912, with provisos requiring its maintenance and display.

Dates of rank

  • Ensign, 7th U.S. Infantry – January 14, 1799
  • 2nd lieutenant – March 3, 1799
  • 1st lieutenant – May 14, 1800
  • Discharged – June 15, 1800.
  • 1st lieutenant, 2nd Regiment of Artillerists and Engineers – February 16, 1801
  • Captain – November 1, 1806
  • Major, 3rd Artillery Regiment – March 3, 1813
  • Brevet Lieutenant Colonel – September 14, 1814


References

Notes

  1. ^ Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (1915) vol. 2, p. 197
  2. ^ Tyler
  3. ^ John F. Dorman, Adventures of Purse and Person vol. 1 pp. 279-280
  4. ISBN 978-1-63758-733-1
    )
  5. ^ Armistead's family name is an English habitational meaning someone who lived by a hermit's cell. The Armistead surname, ancestry.com
  6. ^ Nicoll, Kurt (24 March 2002). "Historic plantation". Fredericksburg.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  7. ^ Tyler
  8. ^ Tyler
  9. ^ Tyler
  10. ^ Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Star Spangled Banner and the War of 1812: Making the Star Spangled Banner
  11. ^ Davenport, Misha. "A Nation's History," Chicago-Sun Times, 2002-06-02.
  12. ^ Colonial Families of the USA, 1607-1775< vol 5 p. 16, also citing Vol. 1 pp. 12-12, as available on ancestry.com
  13. ^ slaveholdings mentioned in audiobook but not readily available on ancestry.com
  14. ISBN 9780665243844
    .
  15. ^ Fort McHenry, Baltimore MD. http://www.nps.gov/fomc/index.htm

Bibliography

External links

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