Graphidales

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Graphidales
A–B Pallidogramme chrysenteron, formerly Phaeographina fukiensis. C–D Sarcographa glyphiza, formerly Graphis glyphiza. Scale bars = 1 mm
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Hazlinszky, F.A. (1884)[1]
Families

Graphidales is an

fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species,[2] which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.[3]

History

The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as family Graphideae.[1] In 1907, they were established as an order by American botanist Bessey (1845–1915),[4][5][6]

When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae who were both mainly tropical based and each family had about 800–1000 species.[7]

Sherwood in 1977 proposed to maintain a distinction between the Graphidales with mostly lichemised members and the Ostropales which included mostly non-lichenised fungi, based on different spore septation types.[8]

Molecular data by Winka et al. in 1998, supported a close relationship between the two groups of species.[9][10]

The Graphidales were then included in the Ostropales order (Lecanoromycetes) for a long time (Staiger 2002;[11] Kalb et al. 2004;[12] Hibbett et al. 2007;[13] Lumbsch et al. 2007;[14] Kirk et al. 2008;[15] Baloch et al. 2010;[16] Rivas Plata and Lumbsch 2011;[17] Rivas Plata et al. 2012;[18] Lumbsch et al. 2014;[19] Lücking et al. 2017;[20] Wijayawardene et al. 2018).[21]

In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of class Lecanoromycetes were examined by using

monophyletic.[22]

Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were non-monophyletic and consequently Thelotremataceae was included in Graphidaceae as a synonym.[23] Graphidaceae also included subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae.[24][25]

However, Kraichak et al. in 2018,[26] ranked Graphidales as a separate order based on a temporal approach, and accepted five families; Diploschistaceae, Fissurinaceae, Gomphillaceae, Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae.[27][28] Wijayawardene et al. 2020 agreed but also added family Redonographaceae to the order,[2] Other authors have agreed on the use of reinstated order of Graphidales.[3][29][30][31]

Description

Most species in the order are

ascocarps (fruiting body) which are apothecioid (cup-shaped).[32][33]

The Graphidaceae are mostly

ascospores.[35][36]

Family Gomphillaceae was originally based on a single species,

bryophytes.[37]

It includes a common asexual fungus Lawreya glyphidiphila (Teratosphaeriaceae family) which is described as growing on lichenized fungi Glyphis scyphulifera (Graphidaceae family).[29]

Distribution

They are mainly found in warmer regions living on bark.

Guianas,[42]), Africa (including Kenya,[43] and South Africa,[44]), Asia (including China,[31][45] Vietnam,[46] Sri Lanka,[47] India,[3][48] and Thailand,[49]) Australia,[50][51] and also New Zealand.[5][52]

Species of family Gomphillaceae are found in north-eastern Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba.[37]

Families and genera

This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Graphidales, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification.

taxonomic authority
, year of publication, and (for genera) the number or estimated number of species:

Diploschistaceae
Zahlbr (1905)

Fissurinaceae
(Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch) B.P. Hodk. (2012)

Gomphillaceae Walt. Watson (1984)

Graphidaceae Dumort. (1822)

Redonographaceae
(Lücking, Tehler & Lumbsch) Lumbsch (2020)

Thelotremataceae
Stizenb. (1862)

References

  1. ^ a b Hazlinszky, F.A. 1884. A Magyar Birodalom Zuzmo-Flórája. Budapest: Kiadja A K. M. Temezsettüdományi tärsulat. v–viii + 1–304.
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  4. ^ Bessey, C.E (1907). "A synopsis of plant phyla". Nebraska University Studies. 7 (4): 275–373.
  5. ^ a b "Graphidales Bessey 1907 – Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  6. ^ "Shroomers – Graphidales". www.shroomers.app. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  7. ^ Aptroot, A.; Kärnefelt, I.; Tibell, L. (1994). "Caliciales, Graphidales, and Teloschistales". Ascomycete Systematics. Boston, MA.: Springer. pp. 393–396.
  8. ^ Sherwood, M.A. (1977). "The Ostropalean fungi". Mycotaxon. 5 (1): 169.
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  10. ^ B. Hock (Editor) Fungal Associations (2013), p. 202, at Google Books
  11. ^ Staiger, B. (2002). "Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae: Studien in Richtungeiner natürlicheren Gliederung". Biblioth. Lichenol. 85: 1–526.
  12. ^ Kalb, Klaus; Staiger, B.; Elix, John (January 2004). "A monograph of the lichen genus Diorygma – A first attempt". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 34: 133–181.
  13. ^ Hibbett, David; Binder, M.; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul; Eriksson, Ove; Huhndorf, S.M.; James, Tanetta; Kirk, Paul M.; Lücking, Robert (November 2006). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5).
  14. ^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009.
  15. ^ Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; Minter, D.W.; Stalpers, J.A. (2008). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (10 ed.). UK: CABI Europe. pp. 1–771.
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  23. ^ Mangold, A.; Martín, M.P.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny suggests synonymy of Thelotremataceae within Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Taxon. 57: 476–486.
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  32. ^ a b Michael Allaby (Editor) A Dictionary of Plant Sciences (2012), p. 224, at Google Books
  33. ^ Chethana, Thilini (31 May 2022). "Odontotrematales – Facesoffungi number: FoF 13852". Faces Of Fungi. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  34. ^ R. S. Mehrotra and K. R. Aneja An Introduction to Mycology (1990), p. 723, at Google Books
  35. ^ "Home | Graphidaceae collections". graphidaceae.fieldmuseum.org. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
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  38. ^ "Graphidales". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
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  41. ^ "Provisional determination keys for the Graphidales of Costa Rica". Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  42. ^ H.J.M. Sipman, (1994), New Graphidales (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Guianas and nearby areas. Studies on the flora of the Guianas no 79. Acta Bot. Fenn. 150: 165–172
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  45. ^ Xue Shu, Ke Wei. (2023). A new species of the lichen genus Diploschistes from China. 41. 1932-1940.
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  51. ^ Archer, A.W. (2009). "Graphidaceae". Flora of Australia. 57: 84–194.
  52. ^ David J. Galloway Checklist of New Zealand Lichens, (DSIR Land Resources, 1992), p. 17, at Google Books
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