Great flying fox
Great flying fox | |
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Great flying fox in flight | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Chiroptera |
Family: | Pteropodidae |
Genus: | Pteropus |
Species: | P. neohibernicus
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Binomial name | |
Pteropus neohibernicus Peters, 1876
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Great flying fox range | |
Synonyms | |
The great flying fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), also known as the greater flying fox or Bismarck flying fox, is a species of megabat in the genus Pteropus, found throughout lowland areas of New Guinea and in the Bismarck Archipelago. Conflicting evidence suggests that its closest relative is either the spectacled flying fox or, jointly, the Pelew and insular flying foxes. Two subspecies are recognized. At up to 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) in weight, it is among the heaviest bats in the world and the largest bat in Melanesia. It is a gregarious animal which roosts with hundreds or thousands of individuals.[1] In part due to its wide variation in color, it has many taxonomic synonyms, including Pteropus degener, Pteropus papuanus, and Pteropus sepikensis. It may forage during the day or night in search of fruit, including figs or fruits from the family Sapotaceae. It is considered a least-concern species by the IUCN, though its numbers have been negatively impacted by what appeared to be a disease, as well as by hunting for bushmeat that occurs across its range.
Taxonomy
The great flying fox was described in 1876 by German naturalist Wilhelm Peters.[1] He listed it as a variety of the black-bearded flying fox, Pteropus melanopogon var. neohibernicus.[2] The holotype had been collected on the island of New Ireland, which is part of Papua New Guinea, by Carl Hüsker.[2] Neohibernicus is Latin for "of New Ireland".[3] Two subspecies are recognized:[4]
- P. n. hilli Felten, 1961
- P. n. neohibernicus Peters, 1876
The nominate subspecies, P. n. neohibernicus, is found on New Britain and mainland New Guinea, while P. n. hilli is found on the Admiralty Islands.[5]
In part due to its wide variation in color patterns, it has a number of taxonomic synonyms, including Pteropus degener (Peters, 1876), which Irish zoologist
Based on a 2019 study, within the genus
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Description
The great flying fox is the largest bat on the island New Guinea,[10] as well as the whole of Melanesia.[11] Its forearm length ranges from 165–207 mm (6.5–8.1 in),[12] and individuals can weigh up to 1.6 kg (3.5 lb).[3] This makes it one of the heaviest known species of bat.[13] Males are typically larger than females. Males have a head and body length of 266–330 mm (10.5–13.0 in), while females are 234–280 mm (9.2–11.0 in) long. Forearm lengths are 190–207 mm (7.5–8.1 in) and 165–173 mm (6.5–6.8 in) for males and females, respectively.[3] Males also have conspicuously larger canine teeth than females.[7] It lacks a tail,[3] and has a long, narrow snout relative to the black-bearded flying fox.[14] The subspecies P. n. hilli is smaller than P. n. neohibernicus.[5]
The color of its fur is variable, though often golden brown,[14] with the fur of its back usually sparse or absent.[15] The back fur that is present is russet brown, though may be dark or pale brown. The russet brown fur is interspersed with a variable sprinkling of buff-colored (brownish yellow) hairs. Its fur is typically darkest on the sides of its back and rump, as well as on the upper side of its thighs. Fur is lightest in color at the center of its back and rump.[7]
It has a mantle, or fur of contrasting color on the sides and back of its neck. The mantle is usually yellowish, with the top of the head darker than the mantle.[14] The fur of its mantle and belly is longer than the fur of its back, at 11–15 mm (0.43–0.59 in) compared to 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in). The darker brown color on the top of its head often extends down the sides of the head and between the eyes, sometimes resembling an indistinct "T"-shape.[7]
Biology and ecology
The great flying fox is highly
Females give birth to a single offspring at a time.[1] Near Fulleborn, Papua New Guinea, it is thought that females give birth in early December. In the Bismarck Archipelago, females with half-grown young have been seen in June. It has been speculated that the sexes may segregate into different roosts in part of the year, similar to the insular flying fox, though this is unconfirmed.[14]
It is known to be parasitized by nematodes of the genus Litomosa, with the species L. hepatica newly described from a great flying fox.[18]
Range and habitat
The great flying fox is
It has been documented at a range of elevations from 0–1,400 m (0–4,593 ft) above sea level. It is found in forested and savanna habitats.[1]
Conservation
The great flying fox may be threatened by disease. In 1985, many dead and dying individuals were found beneath their roosts on the island of Manus. The mass mortality event continued for several weeks across the entirety of the island; afterward, no great flying foxes were seen for several years.[11] Along with many other Pteropus species, it is included in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).[19] Appendix II is less restrictive of trade than Appendix I, though still indicates that a species may become threatened with extinction unless trade is carefully controlled.[20]
It is considered a common and abundant species, and is listed as least-concern by the IUCN as of 2008. It is unknown if its numbers are increasing, decreasing, or stable.[1]
Relationship to humans
The great flying fox has been researched to determine its role in the ecology of
In the
References
- ^ . Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ a b Peters, W. (1876). "Mittheilung über die Pelzrobbe von den Inseln St. Paul und Amsterdam und über die von S.M.S. Gazelle mitgebrachten Flederthiere" [Information about the fur seal from the islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam and about bats of the S.M.S. Gazelle]. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin (in German): 317–318.
- ^ ISBN 0801431506.
- OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d Koopman, K. F. (1979). "Zoogeography of Mammals from Islands off the Northeastern Coast of New Guinea" (PDF). American Museum Novitates: 5.
- ^ Dobson, George Edward (1878). Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. pp. 44–47.
- ^ a b c d e Andersen, K. (1912). Catalogue of the Chiroptera In the collection of the British Museum. Volume I: Megachiroptera. Vol. 1. London: BMNH. pp. 387–391.
- ^ Laurie, E. M.; Hill, J. E. (1954). List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands 1758-1952. Trustees of the British Museum. p. 38.
- ^ PMID 33041434.
- ^ ISBN 1862730296.
- ^ a b "Small populations on islands have unique conservation problems". Bats Magazine. Vol. 7, no. 4. 1989.
- ISBN 0801431506.
- ISBN 9780226253312.
- ^ ISBN 978-0801431494.
- ^ Wilson, Don E.; Graham, Gary Lynn (1992). Pacific Island Flying Foxes: Proceedings of an International Conservation Conference. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 108.
- ^ a b c Mickleburgh, S. P.; Hutson, A. M.; Racey, P. A. (1992). Old World fruit bats: An action plan for their conservation (PDF) (Report). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 118–119.
- ^ PMID 20645122.
- PMID 21678791.
- ^ Appendices I, II and III (PDF) (Report). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. 26 November 2019. p. 16.
- ^ "The CITES Appendices". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- S2CID 130038936.
- ^ Hide, R. L. (1984). "Utilization of Wild Animals". South Simbu: Studies in Demography, Nutrition, and Subsistence (Report). Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research. p. 350.