Haskins Laboratories

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Haskins Laboratories
Revenue
$4,955,859 (2019)[1]
Expenses$5,814,864 (2019)[2]
Employees
83 (2019)[3]
Websitehaskinslabs.org

Haskins Laboratories, Inc. is an independent

alphabetic writing system
.

Research tools and facilities

Haskins Laboratories is equipped, in-house, with a comprehensive suite of tools and capabilities to advance its mission of research into language and literacy. As of 2014, these included:

  • Anechoic chamber
  • Electroencephalography
    • BioSemi 264 electrode, 24 bit Active Two System
    • EGI 128 electrode, Geodesic EEG System 300
  • Electromagnetic articulography (EMMA)
    • Carstens AG501
    • NDI WAVE
  • Eye tracking: HL is equipped with 3 SR Research eye-trackers.
    • 2 Model Eyelink 1000 systems.
    • 1 Model Eyelink 1000plus system.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging: Haskins has access to MRI scanners through agreements with the University of Connecticut and the Yale School of Medicine. On-site, HL has a Linux computer cluster dedicated to analysis of MRI data.
  • Motion capture: HL is equipped with a Vicon motion capture system with one Basler high-speed digital camera, six Vicon MX T-20 cameras and a Vicon MX Giganet for synching camera data and connecting cameras to the data capture computer.
  • Near infrared spectroscopy
    : HL has a TechEn CW6 8x8 system (four emitters; eight detectors).
  • Ultrasound sonogram

History

Many researchers have contributed to scientific breakthroughs at Haskins Laboratories since its founding. All of them are indebted to the pioneering work and leadership of Caryl Parker Haskins, Franklin S. Cooper, Alvin Liberman, Seymour Hutner and Luigi Provasoli. The history presented here focuses on the research program of the division of Haskins Laboratories that, since the 1940s, has been most well known for its work in the areas of speech, language, and reading.[6]

1930s

MIT, and Union College in Schenectady, NY. Caryl Haskins conducted research in microbiology, radiation physics, and other fields in Cambridge, MA and Schenectady. In 1939 Haskins Laboratories moved its center to New York City. Seymour Hutner joined the staff to set up a research program in microbiology, genetics, and nutrition. The descendant of the division led by Hutner program eventually became a department of Pace University in New York.[7]
The two identically named organizations are no longer formally affiliated.

1940s

The U. S. Office of Scientific Research and Development, under Vannevar Bush asked Haskins Laboratories to evaluate and develop technologies for assisting blinded World War II veterans. Experimental psychologist Alvin Liberman joined Haskins Laboratories to assist in developing a "sound alphabet" to represent the letters in a text for use in a reading machine for the blind. Luigi Provasoli joined Haskins Laboratories to set up a research program in marine biology. The program in marine biology moved to Yale University in 1970 and disbanded with Provasoli's retirement in 1978.

1950s

Franklin S. Cooper invented the pattern playback,[8][9] a machine that converts pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech back into sound. With this device, Alvin Liberman, Cooper, and Pierre Delattre (and later joined by Katherine Safford Harris, Leigh Lisker, Arthur Abramson, and others), discovered the acoustic cues for the perception of phonetic segments (consonants and vowels). Liberman and colleagues proposed a motor theory of speech perception to resolve the acoustic complexity: they hypothesized that we perceive speech by tapping into a biological specialization, a speech module, that contains knowledge of the acoustic consequences of articulation. Liberman, aided by Frances Ingemann and others, organized the results of the work on speech cues into a groundbreaking set of rules for speech synthesis by the Pattern Playback.[10]

1960s

Franklin S. Cooper and Katherine Safford Harris, working with Peter MacNeilage, were the first researchers in the U.S. to use

phonetic
symbols.

1970s

In 1970, Haskins Laboratories moved to New Haven, Connecticut, and entered into affiliation agreements with Yale University and the University of Connecticut; Haskins remains fully independent of both Yale and UConn, administratively and financially. The lab's original location in New Haven, at 270 Crown Street (from 1970 to 2005), was leased from Yale University. Isabelle Liberman, Donald Shankweiler, and Alvin Liberman teamed up with Ignatius Mattingly to study the relationship between speech perception and reading, a topic implicit in Haskins Laboratories' research program since its inception. They developed the concept of phonemic awareness, the knowledge that would-be readers must be aware of the phonemic structure of their language in order to be able to read. Leonard Katz related the work to contemporary cognitive theory and provided expertise in experimental design and data analysis. Under the broad rubric of the "alphabetic principle", this is the core of the lab's present program of reading pedagogy. Patrick Nye[13] joined Haskins Laboratories to lead a team working on the reading machine for the blind. The project culminated when the addition of an optical character recognizer allowed investigators to assemble the first automatic text-to-speech reading machine. By the end of the decade this technology had advanced to the point where commercial concerns assumed the task of designing and manufacturing reading machines for the blind.

In 1973, Franklin S. Cooper was selected to form a panel of six experts

White House office tapes of President Richard Nixon related to the Watergate scandal.[15]

Building on earlier work,

Bell Laboratories, into the first articulatory synthesizer[17]
that can be controlled in a physically meaningful way and used for interactive experiments.

1980s

Studies of different writing systems supported the controversial hypothesis that all reading necessarily activates the

phonological form of a word before, or at the same time, as its meaning. Work included experiments by Georgije Lukatela,[18] Michael Turvey, Leonard Katz, Ram Frost, Laurie Feldman,[19] and Shlomo Bentin
, in a variety of languages. Cross-language work on reading, including investigations of the brain process involved, remains a large part of Haskins Laboratories' program today.

Various researchers developed compatible theoretical accounts of

phonological knowledge. Articulatory phonology, the task dynamic model, and the articulatory synthesis model are combined into a gestural computational model of speech production.[23]

1990s

Katherine Safford Harris,

phonological
deficits. Evidence rejected broader cognitive deficits underlying reading difficulties and raised questions about impaired phonological representations in disabled readers.

2000s

In 2000, Anne Fowler

Bilingualism
initiatives.

2010s

The Haskins Training Institute was established in 2011 to provide direct educational opportunities in Haskins Laboratories' core areas of research (language, speech perception, speech production, literacy).[43] The Training Institute serves to communicate this knowledge to the public through accessible seminars, small conferences, and intern and training positions.

In December 2015, Haskins Laboratories convened a Global Literacy Summit.[44] This was a three-day meeting of scientists and representatives from governmental and non-governmental organizations around the globe, who are working with programs in the developing world to support literacy and education in disadvantaged populations.

In 2016, Richard N. Aslin joined Haskins,[45] after leaving the University of Rochester.[46]

In 2019, David Lewkowicz joined Haskins after leaving Northeastern University.[47]

See also (people)

See also (topics)

  • Watergate tapes

References

Notes

  1. ^ https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/131628174/11_2020_prefixes_01-16%2F131628174_201912_990_2020112417456554
  2. ^ https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/131628174/11_2020_prefixes_01-16%2F131628174_201912_990_2020112417456554
  3. ^ https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/131628174/11_2020_prefixes_01-16%2F131628174_201912_990_2020112417456554
  4. ^ "Commercial Recording Division". www.concord-sots.ct.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  5. ^ "Tax Exempt Organization Search". apps.irs.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  6. ^ "Haskins Laboratories, The Science of the Spoken and Written Word". Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
  7. ^ "Center for Community Action and Research".
  8. ^ "Pattern Playback from 1950 to 1995".
  9. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/patplay.html[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/patplay.html[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0748408576
  12. ^ http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JASMAN000035000011001911000004&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
  13. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/staff/nye.html
  14. ^ "The Crisis: The Secretary and the Tapes Tangle". Time. December 10, 1973. p. 11.
  15. ^ "Franklin S. Cooper, expert on speech perception".
  16. ^ "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project (Ss_btl2.HTM)". Archived from the original on 2007-04-09.
  17. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/facilities/asy.html
  18. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/STAFF/lukatela.html
  19. ^ "College / School 2 Col. Document Title". Archived from the original on 2006-09-11.
  20. ^ Gloria J. Borden and Katherine S. Harris. Speech Science Primer: Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception of Speech. Second Edition. Williams & Williams, Baltimore, MD, 1984
  21. ^ "Elliot Saltzman". Archived from the original on 2006-09-06. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
  22. ^ "Gestural Model". Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
  23. ^ "Gestural Model". Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
  24. ^ Frederica Bell-Berti. Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues, for Katherine Safford Harris. Springer, 1995.
  25. ^ "St. John's University -- Academics & Schools -- Graduate -- St. John's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences -- Departments and Institutes -- Speech, Communication Sciences and Theatre -- Overview". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
  26. ^ "CSR Staff Directory (List View) | NIH Center for Scientific Review".
  27. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/staff/mencl.html
  28. ^ "Mark Tiede". Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
  29. ^ "CASY". Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
  30. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/newsrelease/A93-2006.html
  31. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/staff/fowlera.html
  32. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/staff/fowlera.html
  33. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/ers/
  34. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/hli.html
  35. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/mrin.html
  36. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/staff/iskarous.html
  37. ^ "NDI: Products: Optotrak Certus". Archived from the original on 2006-12-15.
  38. ^ http://haskinslabs.org/people/christine-shadle
  39. ^ https://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=6768145&icde=32362515&ddparam=&ddvalue=&ddsub=&cr=5&csb=default&cs=ASC&pball=
  40. ^ https://haskinslabs.org/people/david-braze
  41. ^ http://www.cic.unb.br/~lucero/index_en.html
  42. ^ http://www.haskins.yale.edu/StrategicPlan.html
  43. ^ "Haskins Training Institute". Haskins Laboratories. Haskins Laboratories, Inc. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  44. ^ "Haskins Global Literacy Summit". Haskins Laboratories. Haskins Laboratories, Inc. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  45. ^ "Richard N. Aslin". Haskins Laboratories. Haskins Laboratories, Inc. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  46. S2CID 4405459
    .
  47. ^ "David Lewkowicz". Haskins Laboratories. Haskins Laboratories, Inc. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

External links

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