Heinrich Barth

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Heinrich Barth
Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
(1856)
Companionship of the Bath (1862)

Johann Heinrich Barth (/bɑːrθ, bɑːrt/;[1][2] German: [baʁt]; 16 February 1821 – 25 November 1865) was a German explorer of Africa and scholar.

Barth is thought to be one of the greatest of the European explorers of Africa, as his scholarly preparation, ability to speak and write Arabic, learning African languages, and character meant that he carefully documented the details of the cultures he visited. He was among the first to comprehend the uses of oral history of peoples, and collected many. He established friendships with African rulers and scholars during his five years of travel (1850–1855). After the deaths of two European companions, he completed his travels with the aid of Africans. Afterwards, he wrote and published a five-volume account of his travels in both English and German. It has been invaluable for scholars of his time and since.

Early life and education

Heinrich Barth was born in

Jakob Grimm. After his first year, he interrupted his studies and went on a tour of Italy visiting Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples and Sicily, returning to Germany in the middle of May 1841.[6] In the vacation of the following year, he visited the Rhineland and Switzerland.[7] He defended his doctoral thesis on the trade relations of ancient Corinth in July 1844.[8][9]

Visit to North Africa and the Near East

Barth formed a plan to undertake a grand tour of north Africa and the Middle East which his father agreed to fund. He left his parents' home at the end of January 1845 and first visited London where he spent two months learning

Asia Minor, Turkey and Greece, everywhere examining the remains of antiquity.[13] He returned to his parents' home in Hamburg on 27 December 1847 after a trip of almost three years.[14] For a time he was engaged there as Privatdozent. He described some of his travels in the first volume of his book, Wanderungen durch die Küstenländer des Mittelmeeres, (Walks through the coastal states of the Mediterranean) which was published in 1849.[15] The intended second volume never appeared.[16]

Expedition to the Sudan, the Sahara and Western Africa

Route of Barth's journey through Africa between 1850 and 1855
Heinrich Barth approaching Timbuktu on 7 September 1853 as depicted by Martin Bernatz.
Memorial tablet at the Barth-House in Agadez

Sahara Desert with great difficulty. He arrived in the city of Agadez
in October 1850 where he stayed for several days. Today a memorial tablet honours him as the first European to have ever entered the city.

The deaths of Richardson (March 1851) and Overweg (September 1852), who died of unknown diseases, left Barth to carry on the scientific mission alone. Barth was the first European to visit

Bagirmi in the east to Timbuktu (September 1853) in the west – upward of 12,000 miles (19,000 km). He studied minutely the topography, history, civilizations, languages, and resources of the countries he visited.[13]
His success as an explorer and historian of Africa was based both on his patient character and his scholarly education.

Barth was interested in the history and culture of the African peoples, rather than the possibilities of commercial exploitation. Due to his level of documentation, his journal has become an invaluable source for the study of 19th-century Sudanic Africa. Although Barth was not the first European visitor who paid attention to the local oral traditions, he was the first who seriously considered its methodology and use for historical research. Barth was the first true European scholar to travel and study in West Africa. Earlier explorers such as René Caillié, Dixon Denham and Hugh Clapperton had no academic knowledge.

Barth was fluent in Arabic and several

Bornu, through the Katsina and Sokoto regions to Timbuktu. There his friendship with Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti
led to his staying in his house; he also received protection from al-Kunti against an attempt to seize him.

Heinrich Barth's house in Timbuktu (in 1908 before its collapse)

After his return to London Barth wrote and published accounts of his travels simultaneously in English and German, under the title Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Centralafrika (Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa; 1857–1858, 5 volumes., approx. 3,500 pages). The volumes included coloured plates of pictures produced by Martin Bernatz based on Barth's original sketches.[18] The work was considered one of the finest of its kind, being cited by Darwin.[19] It is still used by historians of Africa, and remains an important scientific work on African cultures of the age. It also provided the first evidence by a European that the Sahara had once been a savanna.[20][21]

Later life

Honorary grave of Heinrich Barth in Berlin

Barth returned from Great Britain to Germany, where he prepared a collection of Central African vocabularies (Gotha, 1862–1866).[22] In 1858 he undertook another journey in Asia Minor, and in 1862 visited the Turkish provinces in Europe.[13] He wrote an account of these travels that was published in Berlin in 1864.[23]

In the following year he was granted a professorship of geography (without chair or regular pay) at

Geographical Society.[13] His admission to the Prussian Academy of Sciences was denied, as it was claimed that he had achieved nothing for historiography
and linguistics. They did not fully understand his achievements, which have been ratified by scholars over time.

Barth died in Berlin on 25 November 1865 aged 44.

New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor
.

Legacy and honours

Barth is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of African venomous snake, Polemon barthii.[30]

Selected publications

For a full list see Wilhelm Koner (1866).[31]

Notes

  1. ^ Kirk-Greene gives the date of Barth's death as 26 November 1865.[24] All other sources give the date as 25 November 1865.[25][26][27]

References

  1. ^ Kirk-Greene 1962, p. 1.
  2. ISBN 9781405881180
  3. ^ Schubert 1897, pp. 1-2.
  4. ^ Schubert 1897, pp. 4-5.
  5. ^ Schubert 1897, pp. 6-7.
  6. ^ Schubert 1897, pp. 8-9.
  7. ^ Schubert 1897, p. 16.
  8. ^ Barth 1844.
  9. ^ Kirk-Greene 1962, p. 3.
  10. ^ Schubert 1897, pp. 19-21.
  11. ^ Barth 1849, p. vii.
  12. ^ Kirk-Greene 1962, pp. 3–4.
  13. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911.
  14. ^ Schubert 1897, p. 23.
  15. ^ Barth 1849.
  16. ^ Kirk-Greene 1962, p. 5.
  17. JSTOR 1790783
    .
  18. ^ Barth 1857–1858, p. xxiii Vol 1.
  19. ^ Darwin 1868, p. 308.
  20. ^ Barth 1857, vol. 1, chapter IX, pp. 196–199. On p. 199, Barth said, about a petroglyph depicting ancient hunters in the Sahara, that it " … bears testimony to a state of life very different from that which we are accustomed to see now in these regions, … "
  21. ^ de Menocal, Peter B. ; Tierney, Jessica E. (2012) "Green Sahara: African humid periods paced by Earth's orbital changes", Nature Education Knowledge 3(10): 12. Available at: Nature Education: Knowledge Project
  22. ^ Barth 1862–1866.
  23. ^ Barth 1864.
  24. ^ Kirk-Greene 1962, p. 42.
  25. ^ Koner 1866, p. 28.
  26. ^ Schubert 1897, p. 173.
  27. ^ Kemper 2012, pp. 364, 390.
  28. ^ "Medals and Awards: Gold Medal Recipients". Royal Geographical Society. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  29. ^ Schubert 1897, p. 138.
  30. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5
    . ("Barth", p. 18).
  31. ^ Koner 1866, pp. 28-31.

Sources

Further reading

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