Herod Antipas
Herod Antipas | |
---|---|
Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea | |
Herodian Dynasty | |
Father | Herod the Great |
Mother | Malthace |
Herod Antipas (
Following the death of his father in 4 BC, Herod Antipas was recognized as tetrarch by Caesar
Antipas divorced his first wife
The
Early life
Antipas was a son of
Antipas was not Herod's first choice of heir. That honour fell to
Because of Judea's status as a
Reign
4 BC to c. 39 AD
After the death of
Part of Antipas' solution was to follow in his father's footsteps as a builder. He rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, while also adding a wall to
At other times Antipas was more sensitive to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against idolatry.[25] When Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea from 26 AD to 36 AD, caused offence by placing votive shields in the Antonia palace at Jerusalem, Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal.[26]
John the Baptist and Jesus
Marriage to Herodias
Early in his reign, Antipas had married
It is generally agreed that the war, in which Herod was defeated, occurred in 36 AD, a year before the death of the emperor Tiberius. A point of contention today is how long before this date Herod's marriage to Herodias took place. Some surmise that the marriage of Antipas and Herodias took place shortly before the war in about 34 AD, after the death of Philip,[31] but others have pointed to Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (Book 18, chapter 5, paragraph 4) comment that Herodias "divorced herself from her husband while he was alive" to argue that it took place before Herod II's death, in about 27 AD, thus making it possible for Jesus to have been born in the reign of Herod the Great (as indicated by the Gospel of Matthew) and to have died in his early 30s (as indicated by the Gospel of Luke).[32]
John's ministry and execution
Antipas faced more immediate problems in his own tetrarchy after John the Baptist, in 28/29 AD according to the Gospel of Luke[33] (or 27 AD, if the co-regency of Augustus and Tiberius is included in Luke's reckoning of time, for which there is some evidence), began a ministry of preaching and baptism by the Jordan River, which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. The Gospels state that John attacked the tetrarch's marriage as contrary to Jewish law (it was incestuous, as Herodias was also Antipas' niece, but also John criticized the fact that she was his brother's wife (Mark 6:18), (lending credence to the belief that Antipas and Herodias married while Herod II was still alive), while Josephus says that John's public influence made Antipas fearful of rebellion.[34] John was imprisoned in Machaerus and executed.[35] According to Matthew and Mark, Herod was reluctant to order John's death but was compelled by Herodias' daughter (unnamed in the text but named by Josephus as Salome), to whom he had promised any reward, up to half his kingdom, she chose as a result of her dancing for guests at his birthday banquet.[36]
Jesus' ministry and trial
Among those baptized by John was Jesus of Nazareth, who began his own ministry in Galilee, causing Antipas, according to Matthew and Mark, to fear that John had been raised from the dead.[37] Luke alone among the Gospels states that a group of Pharisees warned Jesus to flee because Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "fox" and declared that he, Jesus, would not fall victim to such a plot to run from heading towards Jerusalem because "it cannot be that a prophet should perish away from Jerusalem".[38] Luke also credits the tetrarch with a role in Jesus' trial. According to Luke, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean and therefore under Herod's jurisdiction, sent him to Antipas, who was also in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a miracle, but when Jesus remained silent in the face of questioning, Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. Luke says that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite their earlier enmity.[39]
Legal aspects
The reason for Antipas' involvement has been debated. Theodor Mommsen argued that the normal legal procedure of the early Roman empire was for defendants to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces.[40] A. N. Sherwin-White re-examined the relevant legal texts and concluded that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes, but that there was a possibility of referral to a province of origin in special cases.[41] If Pilate was not required to send Jesus to Antipas, he may have been making a show of courtesy to the tetrarch[42] and trying to avoid the need to deal with the Jewish authorities himself.[43] When Jesus was sent back, Pilate could still have represented Antipas' failure to convict as support for his own view (according to Luke) that Jesus was not guilty of a capital offence,[44] thus allowing him to avoid responsibility for Jesus' crucifixion.[45]
Historicity of Gospel narrative
Due to the lack of historical evidence, it has been suggested that Jesus' trial by Herod Antipas is unhistorical.[46] For example, Robin Lane Fox, an English historian, alleges that the story was invented based on Psalm 2, in which "the kings of the earth" are described as opposing the Lord's "anointed", and also served to show that the authorities failed to find grounds for convicting Jesus.[47]
Later reign
Between 34 and 36 AD
Josephus implies that Vitellius was unwilling to cooperate with the tetrarch because of a grudge he bore from an earlier incident. According to his account, Antipas provided hospitality at a conference on the Euphrates between Vitellius and King Artabanus III of Parthia, and after Vitellius' diplomatic success anticipated the governor in sending a report to Tiberius.[52] However, other sources place the meeting between Vitellius and Artabanus under Tiberius' successor Caligula,[53] leading some historians to think that Josephus misdated it to the reign of Tiberius or conflated it with an earlier diplomatic meeting involving Antipas and Vitellius.[54]
Exile and death
Antipas' fall from power was due to
Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king for himself. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against the tetrarch: allegedly, he had conspired against Tiberius with
Antipas died in exile.[59] The 3rd-century historian Cassius Dio seems to imply that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with skepticism by modern historians.[60]
Legacy
Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are
Antipas has appeared in a large number of representations of the
In Gustave Flaubert's Hérodias (1877), Herodias uses her long-concealed daughter, Salome, to manipulate Herod sexually for her own political purposes. This conceit (original to Flaubert) inspired Oscar Wilde's play Salome (1891), the first version of the legend to show Salome with a will of her own, opposing her mother and lusting after John the Baptist herself. Naive and puzzled by her stepfather's lascivious attentions, the young girl arouses Herod in order to avenge herself on the prophet who has refused her advances. Flaubert's novella was turned into an opera by Jules Massenet (Hérodiade, 1881) in which Salome, ignorant of her royal parentage, becomes a disciple of the Baptist, who is then executed by the lustful and jealous Herod (a baritone). In Richard Strauss's operatic setting of Wilde's play (1905), Herod, one of the most difficult tenor roles in the repertory, is depicted as befuddled by both drink and lust, and in bitter conflict with his wife (as in Flaubert). At the end of the opera (as in Wilde's play), disgusted with Salome's behavior with the head of John, he orders her execution.
In Journey to Bethlehem, he is portrayed as the semi-loyal son of Herod and struggles to follow his father's commands.
Family tree
Aretas IV King of Arabia | |||||||||||||||||
Phasaelis | Herod Antipas | ||||||||||||||||
Nabatean ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aristobulus III d. 35 BCE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Doris | Cleopatra of Jerusalem | Mariamne II | Mariamne I d. 29 BCE | Malthace (Samaritan) | Herod the Great | Salome I | Phasa'el | Pheroras | Joseph | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alexander II d. 7 BCE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Berenice (daughter of Salome I) | Aristobulus IV d. 7 BCE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Herod II | Herodias | Herod Antipas | Mariamne III | Herod Archelaus | Glaphyra | Olympias | Joseph ben Joseph | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Philip the Tetrarch d. 34 CE | Salome | Aristobulus of Chalcis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Antipater II d. 4 BCE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
Notes
- ^ "14:1 – John the Baptist Beheaded". Matthew (NASB ed.). Bible Gateway. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
At that
- BibleGateway.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
And King Herod
- ISBN 978-0-83081589-0. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ Marshall, Taylor, 2012. The Eternal City, Dallas: St. John, pp. 35–65.
- ^ Steinmann, Andrew, 2011. From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology, St. Louis: Concordia, pp. 235–38.
- ISBN 978-0-80280966-7. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
- ^ "The House of Herod". Virtual religion. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.181.
- War 1.562.
- ^ Milwitzky 638.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.20–21.
- ^ Bruce 6–7; Schürer 320–325.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.188–189, War 1.664.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.224–249, 299–323.
- ^ Bruce 8.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.271–272, War 2.56. This Judas may be identical with the Judas of Galilee who led resistance to the Census of Quirinius (Schürer 381).
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.288–289, War 2.68.
- ^ For Nabatean history, see Schürer 574–586.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.27, War 2.168.
- ^ Bruce 9; Schürer 342.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.36.
- ^ Schürer 342–343.
- ^ Bruce 9, citing John 6:1 and 21:1 for the "Sea of Tiberias".
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.37–38.
- ^ Schürer 343 and n. 16.
- ^ Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius 299–305.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.109–110 Mark 6:17
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.111–113.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.109 (18.5.1).
- ^ Moses of Chorene, History of Armenia 2:29.
- ^ Kokkinos, The Herodian Dynasty, pp. 268, 277.
- ^ Stewart Perowne, The Later Herods p. 49, (Bruce 10 n. 16; Schürer 344 and n. 19)
- ^ Luke 3:1.
- ^ Matthew 14:3–4; Mark 6:17–18; Luke 3:19; Josephus, Antiquities 18.118.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.119.
- ^ Matthew 14:6–11; Mark 6:19–28.
- ^ Matthew 14:1–2; Mark 6:14–16; cf. Luke 9:7–9.
- vixen... not an animal to be afraid of or to run away from" (Gundry 3).
- ^ Luke 23:5–12.
- ^ Cited by Sherwin-White 28.
- ^ Sherwin-White 28–31.
- ^ Bruce 16–17; Hoehner 88.
- ^ Hoehner 88.
- ^ Luke 23:13–16; Bruce 17; Hoehner 89–90.
- ^ Hoehner 90.
- ^ Jensen 121.
- ^ Lane Fox 297, citing Psalm 2:2 (also quoted in Acts 4:26).
- ^ Kenneth Frank Doig (1990). "New Testament Chronology". Nowoezone.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ "Paul's departure from Damascus (2 Cor 11:32; Acts 9) took place as early as AD 34" – Appendix A – Chronology of Paul's Life
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.113–115; Schürer 350.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.120–126; Schürer 350.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.101–105.
- .
- ^ Bruce 18–19; Schürer 350–351.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.143–239, War 2.178–181; Bruce 19–20.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.240–252, War 2.181–183. For the date, see Schürer 352–353 n. 42.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XVIII, Ch. VII. Whiston's translation revised by Rev A R Shilleto
- ^ The Wars of the Jews Book II, 181, The Works of Flavius Josephus. Translated by William Whiston, A.M. Auburn and Buffalo. John E. Beardsley. 1895
- ^ Josephus, War 2.183.
- ^ Dio 59.8.2; Milwitzky 639. Schürer calls Dio's statement "confused" (353), while Bruce simply remarks that "in exile Antipas and Herodias together disappear from history" (21).
- ^ Luke 8:3 and Acts 13:1, with Bruce 13–14; Lane Fox 297 is skeptical.
- ^ Gospel of Peter 1.
- ^ Gundry 3, endorsed by Goodacre passim.
References
- Ancient
- Modern
- Bond, Helen K. (1998). Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation. Society for New Testament Studies monograph series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-521-63114-3.
- Bruce, F. F. (1963–1965). "Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea" (PDF). Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society. 5: 6–23. Retrieved 19 October 2007.
- Goodacre, Mark (1 May 2004). "Herod Antipas in The Passion of the Christ". NT Blog. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
- Gundry, Robert H. "The Burden of the Passion" (PDF). SBL Forum. Society of Biblical Literature. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-334-01678-6.
- Jensen, Morten Hørning (2006). Herod Antipas in Galilee: The Literary and Archaeological Sources on the Reign of Herod Antipas and its Socio-economic Impact on Galilee. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 121. ISBN 978-3-16-148967-9. 2nd rev. ed. (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2010) Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2.Reihe (WUNT II), 215.
- ISBN 978-0-670-82412-0.
- Milwitzky, William (1901–1906). "Antipas (Herod Antipas)". In Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 638–9. Retrieved 19 October 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-567-02242-4.
- ISBN 978-0-8010-8148-4.
External links
- Galilee under Antipas and Antipas entries in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith