Ibrahim Hananu
Ibrahim Hananu | |
---|---|
Born | 1869 |
Died | November 21, 1935 | (aged 65–66)
Nationality | Syrian |
Known for | Leader of the Hananu Revolt |
Ibrahim Hananu or Ibrahim Hanano (1869–1935) (
Early life and education
Hananu was born to a wealthy Kurdish family in Kafr Takharim and raised in Aleppo. There is dispute on his birth date: one source[3] mentions he was born in 1879, while another[4] mentions he was born in 1869. He studied at the Imperial High School in Aleppo, and continued his studies at the Ottoman Law Academy of the prestigious Mülkiye school in Istanbul. As a student, he joined the Committee of Union and Progress, the political organ that later took stage following the Young Turk Revolution of 1908.[5]
Early career and views
Upon graduation, Hananu briefly taught at the military academy. Later, he joined the bureaucracy of the
The Hananu Revolt
Breaking out in the autumn of 1919 in the countryside surrounding Aleppo, when the French army had landed on the Syrian coast and was preparing to occupy all of Syria, Hananu launched his revolt, bringing
Trial
In 1922 Ibrahim Hananu was arrested and presented to the French military criminal court on charges of criminal acts. The first sessions of the court was on 15 March 1922 . One of the best lawyers at that time, Fathallah Saqqal defended Hananu, advocated for Hananu's innocence, and argued that Hananu was a political opponent not a criminal.
On 25 March 1922 the French Attorney General requested the execution of Hananu, and he said "if Hananu has seven heads I will cut them all", but the French judge ultimately released Hananu following an agreement between Hananu and the French government.[9]
Later years
Hananu was put under house arrest following the trial and his movements were monitored by the French intelligence. However, Hananu was released after the Great Syrian Revolt of 1925. Hananu went on to play an active role in the Syrian national movement. He was one of the founding fathers of the National Bloc which steered the course of the independence struggle in Syria until its achievement in 1946. He was a member of the National Bloc's permanent council and chief of its political bureau. In 1928, Hananu held office on the Constitutional Assembly that drafted the first republican constitution for Syria. In the 1930s, he affirmed his reputation as a hard-liner, refusing to negotiate with the French until they pledged complete unconditional independence for Syria.[10]
Assassination attempt
In September 1933, an individual named Nazi Al-Kousa shot Hananu in the legs in his village,
Death
Hananu died in 1935 in Aleppo. His death was attributed to tuberculosis. The three-day mourning period began the day after with newspapers and magazines being published in a black cover. He is considered to be one of the most celebrated individuals in the resistance against the
See also
- Great Syrian Revolt
- Ayyash Al-Haj
- Fawzi al-Qawuqji
- Yusuf al-'Azma
- Abd Al-Rahman Shahbandar
- Sultan al-Atrash
- Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
- Henri Gouraud
- Syria
- Adham Khanjar
- Saleh Al-Ali
- Hasan al-Kharrat
-
Saleh Al-Ali
References
- ^ Awad Halabi, Liminal Loyalties: Ottomanism and Palestinian Responses to the Turkish War of Independence, 1919-22. 2012, Journal of Palestine Studies. “...Ibrahim Hananu, a former Ottoman bureaucrat of Kurdish origin”
- ISBN 978-0-292-76301-2.
- ISBN 978-0-691-12169-7.
- ISBN 1-885942-41-9.
- ^ Watenpaugh, Keith David (2006). Being Modern in the Middle East. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 174–184.
- ^ Adham al-Jundi, Tarikh al-thawrat al-suriyya fi 'ahd al-intidab al-faransi, Damascus, 1960.
- ^ a b Kaddour, Mohammad (1 April 2012). "ابراهيم هنانو "Ibrahim Hananu"". اكتشف سوريا "Discover Syria". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ James Gelvin, Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of the Empire, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1998, pp. 133-134.
- ^ Kanafani, Adnan (20 August 2008). "Ibrahim Hananu". Idleb website. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ^ Philip Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987.
- JSTOR 4282814.