Battle of Marj Dabiq
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Battle of Marj Dabiq | |
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Part of | |
Result |
Ottoman victory
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Hadım Sinan Pasha
Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha
Hayır Bey
- Mamluks
- Auxiliary forces
- Bedouin Arabs
The Battle of Marj Dābiq (
Battle preparations
Sultan
Leaving
On the way, al-Ghawri also received Ahmed, son of the late pretender to the Ottoman throne (
Meanwhile, another embassy arrived from the Ottoman camp, which under the pretense of peace brought lavish presents to the
Mamluk betrayal
At
It was at that point that Mughla Bey made his miserable return by reporting that Selim and his forces were advancing against them. With that immediate threat thrust upon them, the emirs, qadis, and royal Mamluks renewed their oaths of loyalty to the sultan. Al-Ghawri also distributed gifts to his personal forces, which displeased the other Mamluks.[20] The sultan, dissuaded by the emir Janberdi al-Ghazali, ignored a final warning about Khai'r Bey's disloyalty before he took to the field.[21]
Battle
The Mamluk army advanced and on 20 August made camp at the plain of Marj Dabiq, a day's journey north of Aleppo. There, al-Ghawri and his men awaited the enemy's approach on this plain, where the sultanate's fate would soon be decided.[22] According to the History of Egypt composed by Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Iyas, the Mamluks arranged themselves with the Sultan occupying the center column. Sibay, the Governor of Damascus, commanded the right flank, and Khai'r Bey, governor of Aleppo, took the left.
The marshal Sûdûn Adjami was the first to enter combat, followed by Sibay, leading an experienced corps of veteran Mamluk warriors. They rushed into battle and managed to kill several thousand Turkish soldiers in the first hours of fighting. This advantage forced the opposite Ottoman wing to begin a withdrawal, and the Mamluk forces under Sibay succeeded in taking several pieces of artillery and capturing some fusiliers. Selim considered retreat or requesting a truce.[23]
It was at this point that the battle turned against the Mamluks. A rumor began to spread that al-Ghawri had ordered the recruits to hold their position, avoid combat, and leave the fighting to the veteran soldiers who were already engaged in battle. When Marshall Sûdûn Adjami and Sibay, who were leading the attack, were suddenly killed, panic broke out in the Mamluks' advancing right flank. Meanwhile, Khai'r Bey, in command of the left flank, called for a retreat. The fact that his forces were the first to quit the field was considered evidence of the man's betrayal.
Ibn Iyas offered the following account of the Mamluk defeat:
The sultan stood under his standard and called to his soldiers: "
Aghas! This is the moment to take heart! Fight, and I will reward you!" But no one listened and the men fled from the battle. "Pray to God to give us victory!" Called al-Ghawri. This is the moment for prayer." But he found neither support nor defenders. He then began to feel an unquenchable fire. This was a particularly hot day, and an unusual fog of dust had risen between the armies. It was the day of God's anger directed against the Egyptian army, which stopped fighting. At the worst moment, and with the situation growing worse, the emir Timur Zardkash feared for the safety of the battle standard, lowered and stowed it, then came to find the sultan. He said to him: "Lord Sultan, the Ottoman army has defeated us. Save yourself and flee to Aleppo." When the sultan realized this, he was gripped by a sort of paralysis that affected the side of his body, and his jaw dropped open. He asked for water, which was brought to him in a golden goblet. He drank some, turned his horse to flee, advanced two paces, and fell from his saddle. After that, little by little, he surrendered his soul.[23]
Accounts vary, however, as to how exactly
Aftermath
Selim I, welcomed by the inhabitants as a deliverer from the excesses of the Mamluks, entered Aleppo in triumph.[26] He received the Abbasid caliph warmly, but upbraided the Islamic judges and jurists for their failure to check Mamluk misrule. Joined by Khai'r Bey and other Egyptian officers, he proceeded to the Citadel.[27]
From Aleppo, he marched with his forces to Damascus, where terror prevailed. Beyond some attempts to protect the city by flooding the plain around, the remnants of the Mamluk forces had done nothing substantial to oppose the enemy. Discord amongst the emirs had paralyzed the army and prevented any decisive action that might have affected the subsequent course of events.[28] Some of al-Ghawri's lieutenants supported Emir Janberdi Al-Ghazali as the new sultan, but others favoured the deceased ruler's son.[29] As the Ottomans approached, however, resistance dissolved, as the remaining forces either went over to their side or fled to Egypt. Selim I entered Damascus in mid-October, and the inhabitants readily surrendered to the conquerors.
See also
- Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)
Notes
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, AD. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 199.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, AD. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 199.
- ^ a b Petry, p. 498
- ^ Ирмияева 2000.
- ^ Петросян 2013.
- ^ Emecen, Feridun. "Mercidâbik Muharebesi" (PDF). Retrieved 27 November 2020. (in Turkish)
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, AD. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 199.
- ^ Sir WilliamWilliam Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, AD. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 196.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, AD. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 196.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, AD. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. pp. 196–197.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, AD. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 197.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 197.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 197.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 197.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 197.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 197.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 198.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 198.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 198.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 198.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 199.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 199.
- ^ a b c Ibn Iyas, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Wiet, Gaston (ed.). Journal d'un Bourgeois du Caire. p. 67.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 199.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 199.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 200.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 200.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 200.
- ^ Sir William Muir (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Duquesne University Gumberg Library. Smith, Elder. p. 200.
Bibliography
- Muir, William (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, AD. Smith, Elder. ISBN 1377789284.
- Hawting, G.R. (2005). Muslims, Mongols and Crusaders. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-45096-9.
- Petry, Carl F. (2008). The Cambridge History of Egypt: Islamic Egypt, 640–1516 (Volume I). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47137-4.
- Waterson, James (2007). The Knights of Islam: The Wars of the Mamluks. Greenhill Books, London. ISBN 978-1-85367-734-2.
- Ирмияева, Т. Ю. (2000). История мусульманского мира: от Халифата до Блистательной Порты. Ural Limited. pp. 292–293. )
- Петросян, Юрий Ашотович (2013). Османская империя. Величайшие империи человечества. М.: Алгоритм. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-5443801001.