Ibrahim of Johor
Ibrahim إبراهيم | |||||||||
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Al-Masyhur (The Great) | |||||||||
Sultan of Johor | |||||||||
Reign | 7 September 1895 – 8 May 1959 | ||||||||
Coronation | 2 November 1895 | ||||||||
Predecessor | Abu Bakar | ||||||||
Successor | Ismail | ||||||||
Chief Ministers | See list
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Tunku Mahkota of Johor | |||||||||
Reign | 23 May 1891 – 4 June 1895 | ||||||||
Born | Sultanah Helen binti Abdullah (née Helen Bartholomew Wilson) | 17 September 1873||||||||
Issue |
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House | Temenggong | ||||||||
Father | Sultan Abu Bakar Ibni Al-Marhum Dato' Temenggong Sri Maharaja Tun Daeng Ibrahim | ||||||||
Mother | Inche Besar Zubaidah binti Abdullah (née Cecilia Catharina Lange) | ||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Sultan Sir Ibrahim Al-Masyhur ibni Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar Al-Khalil Ibrahim Shah
An Anglophile, Sultan Ibrahim continued the policy of friendly relations with the crown of the United Kingdom, often manipulating his friendship with the reigning kings of Britain to thwart the expansionist ambitions of the British Colonial Office. However, he became highly unpopular later in his native land for his opposition to Malayan independence. This led him to spend most of his time away from Johor, traveling extensively in Europe, particularly to Britain.
Early life
Wan Ibrahim was born 17 September 1873 in
Tunku Ibrahim acted as one of the three signatories when Sultan Abu Bakar promogulated the
Sultan of Johor
Early years (1895–1914)
Tunku Ibrahim was proclaimed as the Sultan of Johor on the day of Abu Bakar's burial on 7 September 1895, while his one-year-old son, Tunku Ismail was proclaimed as his heir-apparent.[6] A formal coronation ceremony took place on 2 November 1895.[7] He took over the state government the following year, and one of his first reports was the financial difficulties which the state was facing.[8] Many of his employees complained of delays in receiving their salaries; which was often paid in instalments. Sultan Ibrahim then took charge of closely supervising the state treasury, and personally witnessed the payment of the state's employees during payment day.[9] In the same year, he also took on the task of appointing the committee members of the Johor Gambier and Pepper Society (also known as Kongkek in Malay).[10] Sultan Ibrahim was inexperienced in public administration skills and heavily relied on his private secretary, Dato Amar DiRaja Abdul Rahman bin Andak on advice and assistance in running the affairs of the state.[11]
The
Sultan Ibrahim returned to Johor the following year, and expanded the state's military forces, JMF. He instituted the Johor Volunteer Forces (JVF), which consisted of young Malay boys and served as the state's reservist soldiers.[9] In 1906, he granted land concessions to English capitalists and financiers for development purposes. This drew the concern of the Straits Governor, Sir John Anderson, who was not very favourable with Sultan Ibrahim's intents to detach Johor's economic dependence from Singapore. He successfully pressured Sultan Ibrahim to dispense with the services of Abdul Rahman Andak[13] as well as ceding the administrative powers of the railway line to the colonial government the following year after reports of the state's troubled finances were revealed.[14]
Sultan Ibrahim was also facing political challenges from the British colonial government, who were ostensibly unhappy his negligence in his state affairs and were seeking to extend greater political influence into the state. The
Relations between Sultan Ibrahim and Campbell were excellent within Campbell's first year as an adviser, and Sultan Ibrahim gave him support to improve the state administrative system.
Shortly after his fallout with Campbell, Sultan Ibrahim implemented a state executive council (
World War I and Interwar years (1914–1941)
The state economy experienced a budget surplus as a result of an
Sultan Ibrahim took on the role of a ceremonial monarch from the 1920s onwards, and his duties were largely limited to gracing various opening ceremonies around the state. He occasionally expressed his views on the state administration and economic developments whenever he had grievances, which the British colonial government often took into account as a result of his political influence in the state.[25] He began to take time off to travel abroad from 1928, after he began to suffer from chronic gout and myocardial degeneration.[26] London was one destination which he often visited, and frequented the Colonial Office whenever he had grievances with the state administration.[27] As a result of his frequent complaints of maladministration of state affairs by the local British government, Sultan Ibrahim's relations with each General Adviser became strained.[fn 1] Sir Cecil Clementi, who served as the governor of the Straits Settlements as well as the high commissioner of the Malay States from 1930 to 1934, remarked in December 1932 that Sultan Ibrahim was too independent in state affairs and proposed to the Sultan that he should approach Clementi in future under the capacity of the high commissioner instead of the Straits Governor. Clementi's proposals apparently angered the Sultan, who boycotted the Durbar in February 1934.[27]
Sultan Ibrahim's relations with Clementi's successor, Sir
Japanese Occupation (1941–1945)
Sultan Ibrahim became a personal friend of
The Japanese established a military government in February, shortly after they settled down in Malaya. Tokugawa was appointed as its political adviser at the recommendation of Sultan Ibrahim. Relations between the military government and the monarchy were initially cordial throughout the Japanese occupation years, and Tokugawa briefly envisioned a plan for a united Malay Sultanate over the Malay Peninsula (including Pattani) with Sultan Ibrahim as its figurehead. However, as the Japanese began to experience economic difficulties and military defeats in the Pacific War from 1943 onwards, these plans were dropped and the military government channelled its efforts towards state agriculture. The Japanese continued the British policy of appointing a state adviser in Johor, and Sultan Ibrahim spent most of his time in his leisure activities.[35]
Sultan Ibrahim, on his part, became resentful of the Japanese military government during the later part of the occupation years. The Japanese gave orders to the Malay Sultans to contribute an annual stipend of $10,000 to support the Japanese war efforts, and public speeches which the rulers made were drafted by the propaganda department.
Malay nationalism (1946–1948)
The
Willan made further interviews with other Malay rulers over the next few days, and made assessments of the political situation in each state. His studies were forwarded to the military administration, and Sir Harold MacMichael, the former high commissioner of Palestine was empowered to sign official treaties with the Malay rulers over the Malayan Union proposal scheme. MacMichael made several visits to the Malay rulers, beginning with Sultan Ibrahim in October 1945. The Sultan quickly consented to MacMichael's proposal scheme, which was motivated by his strong desire to visit England at the end of the year. MacMichael paid further visits to other Malay rulers over the proposal, and sought their consent over the proposal scheme. Many Malay rulers expressed strong reluctance in signing the treaties with MacMichael, partly because they feared losing their royal status and the prospect of their states falling into Thai political influence.[41]
The treaties provided that United Kingdom had full administrative powers over the Malay states except in areas pertaining to
The rally was held on 1 February 1946 at the Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque, and protesters shouted nationalistic slogans and called for the dethronement of Sultan Ibrahim. Malay nationalistic slogans were raised during the rally, many of whom were directed against the Sultan himself, whom they accused him for committing treason against the Malay race by signing the treaties. News of the rally reached the Sultan Ibrahim on 22 February, who was then residing at Grosvenor House Hotel in London. Sultan Ibrahim approached the colonial office and expressed his withdrawal of support for the proposal scheme, but this did not appease the political dissidents and Onn continued to organise more rallies in the other Malay states to muster further support for his calls against the Malayan Union, and formed United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in May.[43]
Sultan Ibrahim returned to Johor in early September 1947 and attended UMNO's second general meeting at Istana Besar, which was led by its youth chief, Hussein Onn. Although many Johor politicians still held a critical opinion of Sultan Ibrahim over the treaties with MacMichael, the UMNO delegates gave him a rousing welcome when he arrived at the palace.[44] Critical opinions against the Sultan waned after the Federation of Malaya was established the following January, which restored the rulers' powers. Shortly before Sultan Ibrahim left for England in May, he personally donated a lump of $5,000 to UMNO, hoping to improve relations with UMNO leaders and Onn himself, who was appointed the Menteri Besar of Johor in 1946.[45]
Pre-independence Malaya (1948–1957)
The establishment of the Federation did not go down well with the Chinese, whereby favourable conditions for obtaining citizenship for the Chinese and other non-Malays were withdrawn. The
Sultan Ibrahim became increasingly uncomfortable with the idea of Johor as a state within the Federation of Malaya, particularly when the prospect of an independent Federation free from British interference became increasingly clearer under
The Alliance party reacted strongly to the events which motivated the formation of the PKMJ, and called for the Alliance-dominated Johor state executive council to vet all future state-policy speeches that will be made by the Sultan or members of the royal family.
Four months later in July 1957, Ungku Abdullah made one last call to urge Sultan Ibrahim not to sign the Malayan Federal Constitution. The Sultan, who was now residing in London, replied to Ungku Abdullah that he had empowered the Tunku Mahkota, Tunku Ismail (later Sultan Ismail) to decide on the matter. Ungku Abdullah then called upon Tunku Ismail not to sign the constitution, but his calls were ignored and Tunku Ismail proceeded to sign the constitution at the ruler's meeting. Following the ordeal, Ungku Abdullah formally disbanded the party a few days before Malaya's Independence day.[50]
Foreign relations
Sultan Ibrahim spent much of his time residing in England, often dealing with the colonial office in London over state affairs. His relations with the United Kingdom were often strained over both state and personal matters, especially with leading figures from the colonial office.
Sultan Ibrahim also became a close acquaintance with Tokugawa Yoshichika after the latter visited Johor in 1921. They took special with one another, partly due to their shared interest in tiger hunting, as well as Tokugawa's ability to communicate in fluent Malay. Tokugawa's personal friendship with the Sultan encouraged Japanese businessmen to invest in the state's rubber plantations from the 1920s onwards. The Sultan visited Japan in 1934, at the invitation of Tokugawa.[55]
Wealth
During his reign, the Sultan was considered to be "fabulously wealthy."
The Sultan was an Anglophile and spent much of his life away from Johor, preferring the more liberal delights of Europe. He sent his sons, by his Malay wives, to be educated in Britain.[citation needed]
The Sultan was reported to have given
Family
Sultan Ibrahim was the only son of Che Wan Abu Bakar,
Marriage
Sultan Ibrahim married at least four official wives who became sultanahs of Johor. They were:
- Ungku Maimunah Binti Ungku Abdul Majid (died 1909); married 5 October 1892, they had one son, Tunku Ismail (Sultan of Johor) (28 October 1894–10 May 1981).[citation needed]
- Enche' Rogayah (died 1926); married in 1920, they had one son, Tunku Haris Abu Bakar (Tunku Aris Bendahara of Johor) (17 February 1898–1 May 1956).[citation needed]
- Enche' Hasnah Binti Dato' Ja'afar: Hasnah was the daughter of Dato' Ja'afar bin Haji Muhammad, the first Johor Menteri Besar, and the younger sister of Dato' Onn Bin Ja'afar, He also had a son by Hasnah Binti Dato' Ja'afar: Tunku Ahmad (Tunku Temenggong of Johor) (28 July 1898–26 October 1983).[citation needed]
- Ungku Intan Binti Ungku Ahmad: Married in 1926, Ungku Intan was the daughter of Ungku Ahmad bin Ungku Muhammad.[citation needed]
- Helen Bartholomew Wilson (1899–1977), former wife of William Brockie Wilson; married 15 October 1930, divorced 30 March 1938.[citation needed]
- Marcella Mendl (1915–1982), daughter of Edgar Mendl from Romania and cousin of British diplomat Sir Charles Mendl.[62] Upon converting to Islam, she took the name Fawzia binti 'Abdu'llah and was known as Lady Marcella Ibrahim (1940–1955) and Her Highness Sultana Fawzia binti 'Abdu'llah (1955–1982). Married in 1940, they had one daughter, Tunku Meriam (18 September 1950–4 July 2014)[63][64] (married, 1976–1980, to British rock star Barry Sapherson, aka Barry Ryan)[65] Besides Malay, she was fluent in several European languages such as German, French, and English.[66]
Death
Sultan Ibrahim spent the last two years of his life at his apartment at Grosvenor House Hotel in London. He spent most of his time watching television and visiting theatres and enjoyed the company of his sixth wife, Marcella Mendl and their beloved daughter, Tunku Meriam.[67] The Sultan died on 8 May 1959 at his apartment, with his wife reportedly at his bedside during his last hours.[68] Tunku Ismail was appointed as the Sultan of Johor in place of his father, and many Malay and British leaders who have worked with him publicly expressed their condolences to the late Sultan within the first two weeks of his death.[69] The Sultan's body was shipped back to Johor Bahru and arrived the following month, whereby he was given a state funeral and his body lay in state between 4–6 June at Istana Besar.[70][71]
At the time of his death, Sultan Ibrahim was the longest reigning Johor sultan in history (having ruled 64 years).
Legacy
In recent years, efforts have been made by the sultan's heirs to rehabilitate his image and paint him as a benevolent ruler. However his skeptics do not agree and set the late Sultan Ibrahim as a ruler that is largely remembered as an anti-independence figure, a wastrel and a close (almost deferential) ally of the British. Even with that view, he is viewed as the man whom continued his father's legacy of investing in pepper, gambier and rubber, which largely improved the economic situation of Johor. The posthumous title of "the Great" (in Malay, mil Masyhur) conferred on him by his grandson Sultan Iskandar, never caught on.
Honours
- Malaya :
- Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (31 August 1958)[72]
- Johor :
- Grand Commander (DK I) (23 May 1891) and Grand Master (1895) of the Royal Family Order of Johor
- Knight Grand Commander (SPMJ) (23 May 1891) and Grand Master (1895) of the Order of the Crown of Johor
- Kelantan :
- Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Kelantan (DK) (9 October 1953)
- United Kingdom :
- Recipient of the Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal (1897)
- Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) – Sir (22 June 1897)
- Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal (1902)
- Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal (1911)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) – Sir (1 January 1916)[73]
- Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) – Sir (1 January 1918)
- King George V Silver Jubilee Medal (1935)[74]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) – Sir (3 June 1935)[75]
- King George VI Coronation Medal (1937)[76]
- Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953)
- Ottoman Empire :
- Order of Osminieh(Nishan-e-Osmanieh) (1898)
- Italy:
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (1938)[77]
- Romania :
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Romania (1920)
- Thailand:
- Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Order of the White Elephant (KGE) (1924)
- Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Order of the Crown of Siam
- Cambodia :
- Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia (1933)
- South Vietnam :
- Order of the Dragon of Annam(1933)
- Japan :
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1934)
- Zanzibar :
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar
Footnotes
- ^ Except for one, Richard Olaf Winstedt, who served as Johor's Acting General Adviser from 1931–1933. Sultan Ibrahim had high regards for Winstedt, and requested for Winstedt to continue to serve as the Johor's General Adviser. Winstedt served in that capacity until 1935.[28]
Notes
- ^ Basri, Johor, 1855–1917: Pentadbiran dan Perkembangannya, pg 64
- ^ a b Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 48
- ^ Tate, The Making of Modern South-East Asia, pg 144
- ^ Kings of old feared and revered, 1 March 2009, New Straits Times
- ^ Noor, The Other Malaysia: Writings on Malaysia's Subaltern History, pg 51
- ^ Puthucheary, The Politics of Administration: The Malaysian Experience, pg 29
- ^ Anon, European Settlements in the Far East, pg 265
- ^ Gullick, Rulers and Residents: Influence and Power in the Malay States, 1870–1920, pg 131
- ^ a b c Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 141
- ^ Trocki, Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885, pg 179
- ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 142
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 68-9
- ^ a b Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 57
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 192
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 128
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 139
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 51
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 150
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 167
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 165
- ^ Straits Settlements. Statistical Office, Malayan Information Agency, Malayan Year Book, 1935, pg 25
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 178
- ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, pg 179
- ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 149
- ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 180
- ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 175-6
- ^ a b Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 178
- ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 166
- ^ Aristocrat who spoke his mind, 18 June 2007, The Star
- ^ Wells, Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia, pg 142-3
- ^ Newbury, Patrons, Clients, and Empire: Chieftaincy and Over-rule in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, pg 167
- ^ Stockwell, British policy and Malay Politics during the Malayan Union Experiment, 1945–1948, pg 1
- ^ "Glamour girl and sultan: engagement likely". The Argus. Melbourne, Victoria. 27 May 1938. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
- ^ Lee, Singapore: The Unexpected Nation, pg 37
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945, pg 220–221
- ^ Cheah, Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict during and after the Japanese occupation of Malaya, 1941–1946, pg 267–268
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945, pg 221
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 132
- ^ Stockwell, Malaya: The Malayan Union Experiment, pg 132
- ^ Stockwell, Malaya: The Malayan Union Experiment, pg 140
- ^ a b Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 133-4
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 211
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 211-2
- ^ Stockwell, British policy and Malay politics during the Malayan Union Experiment, 1945–1948, pg 99
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 361
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, pg 502-3
- ^ Ong, One Man's Will: A Portrait of Dato' Sir Onn bin Ja'afar, pg 184
- ^ University of Malaya, Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law (Jernal Undang-undang), Vol. 14, pg 142
- ^ Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia region, 1945–65, pg 77
- ^ a b c Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia region, 1945–65, pg 78
- ^ Tate, The Making of Modern South-East Asia, pg 145
- ^ Tate, The Making of Modern South-East Asia, pg 130
- MINDEF
- ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945, pg 46-7
- ^ Lim, Wong, War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore, pg 143-4
- ^ "Bomb kills entertainer: Lydia Cecily Hill, friend of the Sultan of Jahore, is slain" (PDF). New York Times. 12 October 1940. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ "Johore Mourns Sultan's Mother". Morning Tribune. 3 June 1936. p. 23.
- ^ Braginsky, Murtagh, Harrison, pg 137
- ^ Andresen, pp 7, 42, 48, 184; Schefold, Vermeulen, pp 118
- ^ Mabbett, In Praise of Kuta: From Slave Port to Fishing Village to the Most Popular Resort in Bali, pp 140
- ^ "Johore Sultan's Sister Passes". Singapore Standard. 25 October 1952. p. 7.
- ^ Time Magazine
- ^ Clifford, Naomi (16 July 2020). "Marcella Mendl". Chelsea Vignette. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ Magazine[permanent dead link]
- ^ Rouse, Sabina (30 September 2021). "Barry Ryan dead: Eloise singer who performed with twin Paul dies as Cat Stevens speaks out". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ Feir 2014 Google.com.
- TIME Magazine, 18 May 1959
- ^ The Sultana of Johore–The Story Behind the Stamp Archived 9 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Gibbons Stamp Monthly, September 2007
- ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, pg 41
- ^ Istana Besar, birthplace of Umno Archived 7 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Fauziah Ismail, 22 March 2009, New Straits Times
- ^ The Sultan of Johore's Funeral, The Janvinsion Gallery, retrieved 14 June 2009
- ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1958" (PDF).
- ^ "No. 29423". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1915. p. 82.
- ^ "KING'S JUBILEE MEDAL AWARDS IN MALAYA". Straits Budget. 30 May 1935. p. 16.
- ^ "No. 34166". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 June 1935. p. 3613.
- ^ "CORONATION MEDALS FOR MALAYA". Morning Tribune. 26 May 1937. p. 23.
- ^ "Italian Honours For Johore Sultan & Officials". Morning Tribune. 30 December 1938. p. 21.
References
- Andresen, Paul, Mads Lange fra Bali: Og Hans Efterslaegt Sultanerne af Johor, ISBN 87-7492-851-1
- Anon, European Settlements in the Far East, published by READ BOOKS, 2008, ISBN 1-4437-2292-8
- Basri, M. A. Fawzi Mohd., Johor, 1855–1917: Pentadbiran dan Perkembangannya, published by Fajar Bakti, 1988, ISBN 967-933-717-0
- Braginsky, Vladimir, Murtagh, Ben, Harrison, Rachel (FRW, The Portrayal of Foreigners in Indonesian and Malay Literatures: Essays on the Ethnic "other", Edwin Mellen Press, 2007, ISBN 0-7734-5365-2
- Bayly, Christopher Alan; Harper, Timothy Norman, Forgotten armies: the fall of British Asia, 1941–1945, ISBN 0-674-01748-X
- Bayly, Christopher Alan; Harper, Timothy Norman, Forgotten wars: freedom and revolution in Southeast Asia, Harvard University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-674-02153-3
- Cheah, Boon Keng, Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict during and after the Japanese occupation of Malaya, 1941–1946, NUS Press, 2003, ISBN 9971-69-274-0
- Gullick, J.M., Rulers and Residents: Influence and Power in the Malay States, 1870–1920, ISBN 0-19-588567-8
- Lee, Edwin Siew Cheng, Singapore: The Unexpected Nation, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008, ISBN 981-230-796-6
- Lim, Patricia Pui Huen; Wong, Diana, War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000, ISBN 981-230-037-6
- Mabbett, Hugh, In Praise of Kuta: From Slave Port to Fishing Village to the Most Popular Resort in Bali, January Books, 1987, ISBN 0-9597806-0-2
- Nadarajah, Nesalamar, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, Arenabuku, 2000, ISBN 967-970-318-5
- Newbury, Colin Walter, Patrons, Clients, and Empire: Chieftaincy and Over-rule in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, ISBN 0-19-925781-7
- Noor, Farish A.,The Other Malaysia: Writings on Malaysia's Subaltern History, Silverfishbooks, 2002, ISBN 983-40816-3-4
- Ong, Pamela Siew Im, One Man's Will: A Portrait of Dato' Sir Onn bin Ja'afar, 1998, ISBN 983-808-053-5
- Puthucheary, Marvis, The Politics of Administration: The Malaysian Experience, ISBN 0-19-580387-6
- Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1966
- Schefold, Reimar, Vermeulen, Han F., Treasure Hunting?: Collectors and Collections of Indonesian Artefacts, Published by CNWS, 2002, ISBN 90-5789-078-X
- Sopiee, Mohammed Nordin, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia region, 1945–65, University Malaya Press, 2005, ISBN 983-100-194-X
- Stockwell, A.J., British policy and Malay Politics during the Malayan Union Experiment, 1945–1948, Council of the MBRAS by Art Printing Works, 1979
- Stockwell, A.J., Malaya: The Malayan Union Experiment, 1942–1948, Council of the MBRAS by Art Printing Works, 1995, ISBN 0-11-290540-4
- Straits Settlements. Statistical Office, Malayan Information Agency, Malayan Year Book, 1935, Government Printing Office, 1939
- Tate, D.J.M, The Making of Modern South-East Asia, Oxford University Press, 1971
- Trocki, Carl A., Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885, Singapore University Press, 1979
- ISBN 983-99614-6-2
- University of Malaya, Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law (Jernal Undang-undang), Vol. 14, 1984, Kuala Lumpur, Universiti Malaya, Fakulti Undang-undang
- Wells, J. Kathirithamby, Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia, ISBN 0-8248-2863-1
External links
- Glasgow girl and the Sultan of Johore
- Video: Sultan Ibrahim assists Frank Buck in capturing a man eating tiger on YouTube