Abu Bakar of Johor

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Abu Bakar
أبو بكر‎
Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum, Johor Bahru, Johor
Spouse
  • Wan Chik binti Muhammad Tahir
  • Zubaidah binti Abdullah (née Cecilia Catharina Lange)
  • Fatimah binti Abdullah (née Wong Ah Gew)
  • Khadijah Khanum
Issue
  • Tunku Ibrahim (Tunku Mahkota of Johor)
  • Tunku Mariam (Tengku Ampuan of Pahang)
  • Tunku Besar Putri
  • Tunku Azizah
  • Tunku Fatimah[2][fn 1]
Names
Wan Abu Bakar ibni Temenggong Seri Maharaja Tun Daeng Ibrahim
Regnal name
Sultan Sir Abu Bakar ibni Almarhum Temenggong Seri Maharaja Tun Daeng Ibrahim
HouseTemenggong
FatherTemenggong Daeng Ibrahim
MotherCik' Ngah[citation needed]
ReligionSunni Islam

Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Al-Khalil Ibrahim Shah ibni Almarhum Temenggong Seri Maharaja Tun Daeng Ibrahim Al-Aydarus

Jawi: المرحوم سلطان سر أبو بكر الخليل إبراهيم شاه ابن المرحوم تمڠڬوڠ تون داءيڠ إبراهيم سري مهاراج جوهر; 3 February 1833 – 4 June 1895) was the Temenggong of Johor. He was the 1st Sultan of Modern Johor, the 21st Sultan of Johor and the first Maharaja of Johor from the House of Temenggong.[3][fn 2] He was also informally known as "The Father of Modern Johor", as many historians accredited Johor's development in the 19th century to Abu Bakar's leadership. He initiated policies and provided aids to ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs to stimulate the development of the state's agricultural economy which was founded by Chinese migrants from Southern China in the 1840s.[4] He also took charge of the development of Johor's infrastructure, administrative system, military and civil service, all of which were modelled closely along Western lines.[5]

Abu Bakar was noted for his diplomatic skills, and both the British and Malay rulers had approached him for advice in making important decisions. He was also an avid traveller, and became the first Malay ruler to travel to Europe during his first visit to England in 1866. In particular, Abu Bakar became a lifetime friend of

British Resident in the states. He was also an Anglophile
, and many of his personal habits and decisions were aligned to European ideas and tastes.

Abu Bakar became the sovereign ruler of Johor when his father, Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim died in 1862. Six years later, Abu Bakar changed his legal state title of "Temenggong" to "Maharaja". In 1885, Abu Bakar sought legal recognition from Britain for another change in his legal state title of "Maharaja" to a regal title of "Sultan", and was proclaimed the following year. In all, Abu Bakar's reign lasted for 32 years until his death in 1895.[6]

Early years

Wan Abu Bakar was born on 3 February 1833 in

Teluk Belanga, Singapore. He was the eldest son of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, he is a patrilineal descendant of Temenggong Abdul Rahman who in turn was a matrilineal descendant of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV, the first Sultan of Johor's Bendahara dynasty. Abu Bakar spent his childhood years in his father's kampung in Teluk Blanga; at a young age he was tutored by local teachers on Islam and Adat (traditional Malay law),[7] before he was sent to the Teluk Blanga Malay school, a mission school run by Reverend Benjamin Peach Keasberry. Under the guidance of the missionary teachers, Abu Bakar was observed to develop the manners of an English gentleman, and the ability to speak fluent English in addition to his native Malay.[8]

In 1851, the Temenggong delegated Abu Bakar, then an eighteen-year-old youth, to assist him in negotiation efforts against

Sultan Ali, who was making frivolous attempts to claim sovereignty rights over Johor.[9] As the Temenggong aged, he gradually delegated his state administrative duties to Abu Bakar. During this period, several British officers praised of Abu Bakar's excellent diplomatic skills, as mentioned in William Napier's diaries, who was the senior law agent of Singapore. Napier had accompanied Abu Bakar to fetch Tengku Teh, the mother of the deposed Sultan of Lingga, Mahmud Muzaffar Shah, to Johor shortly after her son began to exert sovereignty claims over Pahang.[10]

The outbreak of the Pahang Civil War the following year saw Abu Bakar befriending Tun Mutahir, whom he provided support for his war efforts. Abu Bakar married Mutahir's daughter in 1860 during a visit in Pahang, and the following year he signed a treaty of friendship, alliance and a guarantee of mutual support with Mutahir in 1861.[11] Meanwhile, Temenggong Ibrahim was already suffering from a prolonged period of ill health, and a bout of high fever resulted in his death on 31 January 1862.[12]

Administration of Johor

Years as Temenggong (1862–1868)

Abu Bakar assumed office as the

Tyersall. At the time of his succession, Johor was facing a political threat from the deposed Sultan, Mahmud Muzaffar Shah. The Sultan was pursuing his sovereignty claims over Johor and Pahang and aimed to overthrow the Sultan of Terengganu with the backing of Siam. Mahmud Muzaffar Shah established an alliance with Tun Ahmad, half-brother and rival of the Bendahara Tun Koris. The alliance caused Abu Bakar concern that the fall of Tun Koris in Pahang would threaten his own political position in Johor. Abu Bakar signed a treaty of friendship with Tun Koris in June 1862,[13] and sent a small expeditionary force to Pahang to support Tun Koris when war broke out in August 1862.[14]

During the first two years of his reign, Abu Bakar expanded the

Teochew dialect (the language spoken by most Kapitan Cina) and read Chinese was employed for these purposes.[15] He also employed the service of a Chinese contractor from Toisan, Wong Ah Fook, to oversee the construction of Istana Besar.[16]

Various Chinese dialect groups began to compete for commercial interests in the 1850s and 1860s. This led to communal violence. Abu Bakar and the Kapitan Cina in Johor (who were mainly migrants from Chaozhou) tried to assimilate Chinese entrepreneurs of non-Teochew origin. Abu Bakar gave official recognition and support for the Johor branch of the Ngee Ann Kongsi, which was seen as a secret society in Singapore at that time. As Johor prospered from the large revenues generated from the gambier and pepper plantations managed by the Kapitan Cina, Abu Bakar gave generous provisions to the Kapitan Cina in recognition for their contributions to the state; among his beneficiaries was a long-time family friend, Tan Hiok Nee, who was given a seat in the state council.[17] The plantations operated relatively independently of the state government, and Abu Bakar was worried by the possible danger to the plantations in the event of an economic crisis. Shortly after a financial crisis broke out in Singapore in 1864, Abu Bakar imposed new regulations on these plantations, as many of them were owned by Chinese businessmen from Singapore. The Kapitan Cina and the Singapore Chamber of Commerce were particularly disturbed by the new regulations, and accused Abu Bakar of attempting to impose a trade monopoly over Johor. The British government pressured Abu Bakar to retract the regulations, which he did in January 1866. In addition, the Kapitan Cina also faced considerable difficulties in securing new agreements with Abu Bakar. The crisis was only resolved in 1866 after Abu Bakar designated five new ports for the registration of cargo, and the British softened their animosity against Abu Bakar.[18]

Abu Bakar's relationship with the ruler of

Straits Governor to sign an agreement to terminate Sultan Ali's pension at the agreement of Abu Bakar and Governor.[20]

Abu Bakar made revisions to Johor's Islamic code in 1863, after the Sultan of Terengganu revised his state's Islamic judicial system to be more closely aligned with Sharia law. In a letter to the Straits Governor, Abu Bakar expressed hope that his revisions would suit more comfortably with European ideas.[21] He founded an English school in Tanjung Puteri in 1864. Two years later, Abu Bakar moved the administrative headquarters to Tanjung Puteri,[fn 3] and officially renamed it as Johor Bahru.[22] A new administration was set up, which was modelled after European styles and certain elements of a traditional Malay government. He recruited some of his close relatives and his classmates from the Teluk Blanga Malay school into the bureaucracy, and also set up an advisory council which included two Chinese leaders. In the early 1870s, Straits Governor Sir Harry Ord said of Abu Bakar (who became a Maharaja in 1868) that he was the "only Raja in the whole peninsula or adjoining states who rules in accordance with the practice of civilized nations."[5]

Years as Maharaja (1868–1885)

Maharaja Abu Bakar of Johor
Photographic portrait of Maharaja Abu Bakar

During a state visit to England in 1866, Abu Bakar was commonly addressed as the "Maharaja" of Johor and led him to realise that the Malay title of Temenggong was hardly known to the Western World. He contemplated a change of another title, which led him to send his cousin, Ungku Haji Muhammad and the Dato Bentara,

Lingga, gave his approval for a formal recognition of Abu Bakar as the Maharaja of Johor, after Ungku Haji and Dato Jaafar travelled to Lingga and presented their claims. Abu Bakar also secured approval from the Governor of the Straits Settlements for his change in title, and was officially proclaimed as the Maharaja of Johor on 30 June 1868.[23]

Shortly after his proclamation as Maharaja, Abu Bakar laid plans for the construction of a wooden railway between Johor Bahru and Gunung Pulai after some Europeans had raised proposals to set up a retreat and sanatorium. Construction of the railway started in July 1869 and construction of the first phase was completed in 1874, which ran between Skudai and Johor Bahru. The construction project was later halted after an accident which saw a locomotive falling off the tracks as a result of termite attacks on the wooden tracks within the Skudai portion and a shortage of funds.[24]

In the mid-1870s, the Straits Governor,

British resident.[26]

After

Raja Temenggong of Muar and its village chieftains voted in favour of a merger of Muar with Johor following a succession dispute between two of Sultan Ali's sons. Sultan Ali's oldest son, Tengku Alam, disputed the legitimacy of the chieftains' wishes and staked his hereditary claims over Muar. Tengku Alam instigated the 1879 Jementah Civil War in a bid to reclaim Muar, but was quickly crushed by the Maharaja's forces. During the 1880s, Abu Bakar actively encouraged the Chinese leaders to set up new gambier and pepper plantations in Muar.[27]

Meanwhile, Weld's continued efforts to keep Abu Bakar's political influence in check and relations between Johor and Singapore became increasingly strained. Abu Bakar was reportedly said to be increasingly reluctant to accept advice from the British-appointed state lawyers, and increasingly turned to his private lawyers which he had employed.[28] Weld voiced his intent to place a Resident in Johor, which prompted Abu Bakar to make a trip to England in August 1884 to negotiate new terms with the British Colonial Office. The Assistant Under-Secretary of the Colonial Office, Robert Meade, conceded to Abu Bakar's request for an absence of a British Resident in Johor, although Abu Bakar gave an in-principle acceptance for a British adviser in Johor (though none was appointed until 1914).[29] An agreement was drawn up, and Abu Bakar was promised control over internal affairs in exchange for British control over foreign affairs pertaining to the state.[30]

Years as Sultan (1885–1895)

The Bendahara of Pahang, Wan Ahmad, was proclaimed Sultan in 1881. Abu Bakar, who was weary of the increasingly hostile political environment imposed by Weld, considered the importance of the superior

Johor Military Forces (JMF, Malay: Askar Timbalan Setia) upon his return to Johor.[33]

During his stay in London in late 1885, Abu Bakar expressed his desire to Meade for a formal recognition as the Sultan of Johor. He also met up with Queen Victoria, who had become a personal friend of Abu Bakar, within the same course of his visit. Queen Victoria consented to his wishes, and a treaty was signed on 11 December 1885 which formalised relations between Great Britain and Johor, was concluded between Abu Bakar and the Colonial Office.[33] Abu Bakar also founded the state advisory board in London, which was intended to oversee state interests in London. Several retired officers from the Colonial Office, including William Fielding and Cecil Smith were personally appointed by Abu Bakar to oversee the board's administration.[34]

The formal recognition of Abu Bakar by the British as the Sultan of Johor quickly drew criticisms among the Malays in Johor. A

Buginese heritage.[35][fn 4] Furthermore, his affinity with Western culture did not go down well with the culturally-conservative Malays.[36] A proclamation ceremony was held on 13 February 1886, whereby Abu Bakar made an official announcement on his adoption of the title "Sultan" in place of "Maharaja".[37] In the same year on 31 July, Abu Bakar instituted the first state decorations, Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat Dihormati (also translated into English as "The Most Esteemed Family Order of Johor") and the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (Order of the Crown of Johor).[38]

Abu Bakar employed the service of a Chinese contractor and long-time acquaintance,

Jalan Wong Ah Fook on the land that he was granted.[40]

Abu Bakar promulgated the Johor State Establishment Constitution (

Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor), drafted by Abdul Rahman Andak, on 14 April 1895. The state's constitution was seen as a turning point by many as a step in laying the groundwork for the administration of Johor. It was suggested that Abu Bakar, who was fearful of his possible imminent death in light of his failing health,[41] promogulated the state constitution with the intent of preserving the state's independence in the light of growing British political influence in the Malay states.[42]

Foreign relations

Great Britain

Illustration of activities in Istana Besar in 1882.

Abu Bakar made his inaugural state visit while he was still a Temenggong. He toured England in 1866 with Dato' Jaafar, and met with members of the English royalty, notably Queen Victoria and the

Prince Albert Victor visited Johor in the 1880s, they had commented that the huge drawing room of Abu Bakar's palace closely resembled the state-rooms found at Windsor Castle. He was also an avid polo player, and had raced with the princes during their state visits to Johor. The Duke of Sutherland also praised Abu Bakar's hospitality during his state visit after he became Sultan, and had reportedly enjoyed the Malay cuisine which the Abu Bakar had served to him.[43]

In particular, Queen Victoria became a close friend of Abu Bakar especially during his later years. During a visit to England in February 1891, Abu Bakar was personally received by the Queen, and was invited to dine and stay with the Queen at Windsor Castle. Queen Victoria held Abu Bakar in very high esteem, which she had signed herself off as an "affectionate friend" in a letter to Abu Bakar in March 1891. Reportedly, Queen Victoria was quoted to have highly valued the silver model

Golden Jubilee in 1887.[10] Shortly before his death in May 1895, Queen Victoria sent her personal physician to attend to Abu Bakar's medical needs, who was by then very ill when he arrived in London.[1]

Other countries

royal tour

Abu Bakar visited

Abdülaziz. The Sultan presented Ruggyyah Hanum, a Circassian princess to Abu Bakar as a gift. Ruggyyah Hanum married Ungku Abdul Majid, Abu Bakar's brother after she arrived in Johor. After Ungku Majid's untimely death, Ruggyyah Hanum was later remarried to Dato Jaafar (who had accompanied Abu Bakar during his 1866 trip).[44] During his second visit to England in August 1878, Abu Bakar wrote to Colonel Anson from South Kensington of his wishes to visit European royalties in Paris, Vienna and Italy. He managed to visit Paris and Vienna, and was even given a warm reception by Prince Henry of Liechtenstein before returning to Johor. Three years later, he visited Prussia, where he was conferred the Royal Prussian Order of the Crown.[45] He made two separate European tours in 1891 and 1893 with a personal physician by his side, during which he met Emperor Francis Joseph, King Umberto, Pope Leo XIII and Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and was conferred the awards of Commander of the Cross of Italy, Imperial Order of the Osmans (Turkey) and the Commander of the Cross of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[46]

In 1881, Abu Bakar also visited

Java, which was under Dutch rule. In the same year, he received the visiting King Kalākaua during his tour around the world and was conferred the Grand Cross of the Order of Kalakaua I of Hawaii.[47][48] and State Secretary, Muhammad Salleh.[49] In 10 December 1892 at Istana Tyersall, Tyersall, Singapore, the Emperor of China, Guangxu, conveyed by the Consul General in Singapore, bestowed upon him the First Class of the First Grade Order of the Double Dragon for his just treatment of the Chinese in Johor, witnessed by a gathering of Chinese towkays (businesspeople).[50]

Family

Fourth wife of Sultan Abu Bakar: Khadijah Khanum
Sultan Abu Bakar's fourth wife: Khadijah Khanum in the company of an unknown lady

Abu Bakar married his first wife, Engku Chik during his stay in

Danish trader, Mads Johansen Lange and his Chinese wife Nonna Sangnio. Lange met Abu Bakar while she was in Singapore, and adopted the Muslim name of "Zubaidah" after her marriage to Abu Bakar in 1870.[52] In 1885, Abu Bakar married a Chinese woman of Cantonese heritage, Wong Ah Gew, with whom he had a daughter, Tunku Azizah. Wong took on the Muslim name of "Fatimah" at her marriage to Abu Bakar, and was crowned the Sultanah in July 1886. Abu Bakar held Wong in very high esteem, who became Abu Bakar's confidant pertaining to his involvement in state affairs. Wong became a close friend of Abu Bakar's building contractor, Wong Ah Fook as they shared a common surname and dialect group. Wong died in 1891.[53] During his state visit to the Ottoman Empire in September 1893, Abu Bakar married his fourth wife, Khadijah Khanum, who was of Circassian heritage. (Khadijah's sister, Rugayah, became the wife of Abu Bakar's brother and later the wife of the first Menteri Besar of Johor, Dato' Jaafar). He had a daughter, Tunku Fatimah with Khadijah the following February, who was later crowned as the Sultanah of Johor.[54]

Death

In early May 1895, Abu Bakar travelled to London together with his son and successor, Tunku Ibrahim (later Sultan Ibrahim) with the hope to mustering support and recognition of his rule. He was by then already very ill and was already suffering from an inflammation of the kidneys for sometime and diagnosed with

Bailey's Hotel but was bedridden throughout his remaining days. He was not allowed to receive many visitors, though the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Prince Arthur paid two visits. Queen Victoria sent her personal physician, Douglas Powell to attend to his medical needs upon receiving news of his illness.[1]

Abu Bakar contracted

Makam Mahmoodiah on 7 September 1895. His son, Tunku Ibrahim was later installed as the Sultan of Johor in November 1895.[56]

Legacy

Abu Bakar was often accredited as the "Founder of Modern Johor" (

Residents into the Malay states.[36] The Colonial Government also made a failed attempt to impose a British Resident in Johor in 1885; the state maintained its independence in its internal affairs until 1914.[58]

Abu Bakar was also the first Malay ruler to visit Europe in 1866.

Anglophile, and mingled comfortably with the Europeans. The British governor, Sir Harry Ord had once written to the Secretary of State of Great Britain and described Abu Bakar as an "English gentleman" in his tastes and habits.[60] Abu Bakar had gained his share of critics, especially among the more conservative Malay scholars who were critical of his Western tastes.[13] Abu Bakar's penchant for an extravagant lifestyle and foreign travel resulted in a depleted state treasury at the time of his death in 1895. At least one scholar, Nesalmar Nadarajah, had suggested that Johor's loss of independence in the early 20th century was attributed to this depleted state treasury. In addition, Nadarajah also believed that the loss of Johor's independence was also attributed to Abu Bakar's failure of giving attention to his young son, Tunku Ibrahim, who lacked proper education and training in the art of state administration and diplomacy when he succeeded his father as the Sultan of Johor in his early twenties.[61]

The Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque at night.

Many state's buildings which were constructed during Abu Bakar's reign were modelled after British Victorian and Moorish architectural styles. Abu Bakar placed the construction of these state buildings under close supervision, and was often called in to lay the foundation stones of these buildings personally. A few of these buildings were named after Abu Bakar himself, notably the Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque (Malay: Masjid Negeri Sultan Abu Bakar), which was built between 1892 and 1900.[62]

Honours of Johor

Foreign honours

Footnotes

  1. Tengku
    is also spelled as Tunku in Johor. (Milne, Mauzy, Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir, pg xv)
  2. ^ Johor is the official spelling of the state. Generally, British colonial-era documents spelled the state's name as Johore. The modern English-speaking world has since adopted the official spelling of the state in documentary references to the state. See Hack, Rettig, Colonial armies in Southeast Asia, pg 262
  3. ^ Tanjung Puteri was renamed Iskandar Puteri in 1855, and to Johor Bahru (the modern name) in 1866. (See Lim, Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur, pg 44.)
  4. patriline. His patrilineal great-grandfather, Temenggong Abdul Hamid, was the maternal grandson of Daeng Parani
    . Abdul Hamid and his descendants often used the Bugis title "Daeng" in their names. Abu Bakar's father, Ibrahim had a Buginese name: Daeng Ronggek. (See Trocki, Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885, pg 95)

References

  1. ^ a b c d Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 137
  2. ^ Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pelajaran, Dewan Sastera, pg 14
  3. ^ Section B Planning and Implementation, Part 3 Physical Planning Initiatives, CHAPTER 13, Johor Bahru City Centre Archived 27 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, ISKANDAR MALAYSIA, pg 6, "....This was followed later by the 21st Sultan of Johor – Sultan Abu Bakar (1862–1895) who laid the foundation for developing Johor into a modern state. ..."
  4. ^ （五）陈旭年与柔佛新山[permanent dead link], 新山中华公会 (Johor Chinese Association). Retrieved 28 April 2009
  5. ^ a b Andaya, A History of Malaysia, pg 152
  6. ^ Ismail, Fauziah, He is a ‘Datuk’... but it’s not ‘Sir Shahrukh’, 14 December 2008, New Straits Times, JohorBuzz
  7. ^ Milner, The Invention of Politics in Colonial Malaya, pg 208
  8. ^ a b Jessy, History of Malaya (1400–1959): 1400–1959, pg 225
  9. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 107
  10. ^ a b Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 136
  11. ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, pg 20
  12. ^ Turnbull, The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony, pg 286
  13. ^ a b Tregonning, A History of Modern Malaya, pg 153
  14. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 117, 121
  15. ^ Andaya, A History of Malaysia, pg 140
  16. ^ Lim, Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur, pg 61
  17. ^ Lim, Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur, pg 46–7
  18. ^ Lim, Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur, pg 81–2
  19. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 129
  20. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 132
  21. ^ Andaya, A History of Malaysia, pg 154
  22. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 145
  23. ^ a b Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 124–5
  24. ^ Jawahir, Zainoh, Abu Bakar gets railway back on track Archived 3 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, New Straits Times, JohorBuzz
  25. ^ Andaya, A History of Malaysia, pg 164
  26. ^ Andaya, A History of Malaysia, pg 165–6
  27. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 131–2
  28. ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, pg 32
  29. ^ Trocki, Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885, pg 185
  30. ^ Tarling, Imperialism in Southeast Asia: A Fleeting, Passing Phase, pg 88
  31. ^ Lim, Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur, pg 66
  32. ^ Andaya, A History of Malaysia, pg 167
  33. ^ a b Reece, The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, pg 296
  34. ^ Hooker, A Short History of Malaysia, pg 166
  35. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 181, 187
  36. ^ a b Andaya, A History of Malaysia, pg 153
  37. ^ Singh, History of Temples Abroad and in India, pg 88
  38. ^ Werlich, Orders and Decorations of all Nations: Ancient and Modern, Civil and Military, pg 220
  39. ^ Lim, Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur, pg 70
  40. ^ Lim, Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur, pg 84
  41. ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, pg 48
  42. ^ Andaya, A History of Malaysia, pg 199
  43. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 135
  44. ^ Mehmet, Islamic Identity and Development, pg 28
  45. ^ Noor, The Other Malaysia: Writings on Malaysia's Subaltern History, pg 38
  46. ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, pg 179
  47. ^ Withington, The Golden Cloak, pg 264
  48. ^ Noor, The Other Malaysia: Writings on Malaysia's Subaltern History, pg 39
  49. ^ Freitag, Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland, pg 223
  50. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pg 134
  51. ^ Trocki, Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885, pg 121
  52. ^ Hanna, Bali Profile, pg 538
  53. ^ Lim, Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur, pg 58
  54. ^ Braginsky, Vladimir, Murtagh, Ben, Harrison, Rachel (FRW), The Portrayal of Foreigners in Indonesian and Malay literatures, pg 137
  55. ^ Noor, The Other Malaysia: Writings on Malaysia's Subaltern History, pg 51
  56. ^ Buckley, An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore, from the Foundation of the Settlement Under the Honourable the East India Company, on 6 February 1819, to the Transfer to the Colonial Office as Part of the Colonial Possessions of the Crown on 1 April 1867, pg 45
  57. ^ Trocki, Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885, pg 102
  58. ^ Turnbull, The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony, pg 290
  59. ^ Miller, A Short History of Malaysia, pg 89
  60. ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, pg 181
  61. ^ Nadarajah, Johore and the Origins of British Control, pg 188
  62. ^ Tate, Karim, Information Malaysia (2005), pg 877

Bibliography

Cf. http://www.stateless.freehosting.net/TTianPiet.htm Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine

External links

Regnal titles
Preceded by Temenggong of Johor
1862–1868 		Succeeded by
(post abolished)
Succession title:
Maharaja of Johor (1868–1886)
Preceded by Maharaja of Johor
1868–1886 		Succeeded by
(post abolished)
Succession title:
Sultan of Johor (1886 onwards)
Preceded by
Sultan Ali
 Sultan of Johor
1886–1895 		Succeeded by
Sultan Ibrahim
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