Indefinite detention

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Indefinite detention is the

liberal democracies.[1]

In recent years, governments have indefinitely incarcerated individuals suspected of terrorism, often in black sites, sometimes declaring them enemy combatants – a notable example being the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[2] Formalized forms of indefinite detention also exist in some countries around the world in the form of government-mandated administrative detention.[3]

Views

While laws that allows indefinite detention is present in many countries, including liberal democracies, human rights groups hold unfavorable views towards the practice.[1][4]

Australia

Main article: Immigration detention in Australia

In 1994, indefinite detention was introduced for

Cambodian refugees; previous laws had imposed a 273-day limit.[5] In 2004, the High Court of Australia ruled in the case Al-Kateb v Godwin that the indefinite detention of a stateless person is lawful.[6]

China

Human rights group claim a history of forced labour, arbitrary arrest and detention of minority groups, including: Falun Gong members, Tibetans, Muslim minorities, political prisoners and other groups in the People's Republic of China.[7][8] Notably, since at least 2017, more than one million Uyghur and other minorities have been overwhelmingly detained without trial for the purposes of a "people's war on terror".[9][10] In the case of the Falun Gong in particular, there have been claims of extraordinary abuses of human rights in concentration camps, including organ harvesting and systematic torture.[11]

Israel

Main article: Palestinian prisoners in Israel § Administrative detention

It was reported in July 2016 by Haaretz that 651 Palestinians were in Israeli jails without having been given due process, and that the number of Palestinians being detained in Israel without trial was on the rise.[12] In October 2021, it was reported that Israel's Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai was personally pushing for the use of detentions without trial or "administrative detentions" by the Shin Bet security service to police Israel’s Arab communities.[13]

Malaysia

The

Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) was introduced in March 2015 after a series of terrorist acts was committed in Malaysia. POTA allows authorities to detain terrorism suspects without trial but stipulates that no person was to be arrested for their political beliefs or activities.[14][15][16]

Singapore

In

Israel-Palestine conflict.[18]

Switzerland

In

Egyptian refugee Mohamed El Ghanem, who was detained without trial for years for refusing to spy on Muslim community leaders in Geneva.[19]

Thailand

Arnon Nampa was detained without trial in 2020 for 6 days but after Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-o-cha declared to use all laws including lese majeste to the protesters in November 2020, he had been detained for 110 days in first round of remanding. After he received bail just 3 months, he has been imprisoned again without trial until today.[20]

United Kingdom

In 2004, the

police superintendent (in any part of the United Kingdom).[21] The Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 also allows for indefinite detention as a maximum penalty.[22]

United States

In the

Guantanamo Bay has been called a violation of international law by the United Nations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and Human Rights Watch.[25][26][27][28]

On November 29, 2011, the

President Barack Obama signed it December 31, 2011.[31] The new indefinite detention provision of the law was decried as a "historic assault on American liberty."[32] The ACLU stated that "President Obama's action today is a blight on his legacy because he will forever be known as the president who signed indefinite detention without charge or trial into law."[33]

On May 16, 2012, in response to a

permanent injunction ruling that the American citizen plaintiffs lack standing because Section 1021 says nothing at all about the President's authority to detain American citizens.[41] The Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal of the case.[42]

In 2013, the House of Representatives and the Senate[43] reauthorized the National Defense Authorization Act after amendments to effectively ban indefinite detention of U.S. Citizens were defeated in both chambers.[44] On December 26, 2013, President Obama signed into law the National Defense Authorization Act of 2014.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "U.K.: Law Lords Rule Indefinite Detention Breaches Human Rights". Human Rights Watch. 2004-12-15. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  2. ^ Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs (13 March 2009). "Department of Justice Withdraws "Enemy Combatant" Definition for Guantanamo Detainees [Press Release]". Justice News. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2013-04-13. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  3. ^ "ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION OF MIGRANTS, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" (PDF).
  4. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2019-08-23.
  5. ^ corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra. "Immigration detention in Australia". www.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-11-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Al-Kateb v Godwin [2004] HCA 37, (2004) 219 CLR 562, High Court (Australia).
  7. ^ "Tibetan Repression". 4 February 2016.
  8. ^ "China: Events of 2018". Tibetan Indefinite detention and human rights abuse. 28 December 2018.
  9. TheGuardian.com
    . 11 January 2019.
  10. ^ Buckley, Chris; Ramzy, Austin (16 December 2018). "Uyghur Forced Labour". The New York Times.
  11. TheGuardian.com
    . 17 June 2019.
  12. ^ Amira Hass (28 July 2016). "Number of Palestinians Detained in Israel Without Trial Sees Sharp Rise". Haaretz.
  13. ^ TOI staff (10 October 2021). "Israel could use detention without trial in bid to stem Arab crime". The Times of Israel.
  14. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  15. ^ Pakiam, Ranjeetha (7 April 2015). "Malaysia Resumes Detention Without Trial With Anti-Terrorism Law". Bloomberg.
  16. ^ Sivan, Hemananthani; am; Carvalho, Martin; Cheah, Christine. "Anti-terrorism Bill passed in Parliament after long debate - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2009-03-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^ Baharuddin, Hariz (10 March 2021). "Singaporean youth detained under ISA for planning knife attack on Jews leaving synagogue". The Straits Times. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  19. ^ "Robert Fisk: Jailed in Geneva - the colonel who stood up against". The Independent. 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  20. ^ "Thailand: Arbitrary detention of eight pro-democracy activists". International Federation for Human Rights. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  21. ^ "Terrorism Act 2000". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  22. ^ "Protest powers: Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 factsheet". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  23. ^ "How the Anti-Terrorism Bill Permits Indefinite Detention of Immigrants". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  24. ISBN 9781567207088
    .
  25. ^ Mendez, Juan (3 October 2013). "Statement of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture at the Expert Meeting on the situation of detainees held at the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay". United Nations. United Nations. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  26. ^ "US: Prolonged Indefinite Detention Violates International Law Current Detention Practices at Guantanamo Unjustified and Arbitrary". Human Rights Watch. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  27. S2CID 145478411
    . Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  28. ^ "UN rights chief speaks out against US failure to close Guantanamo detention facility". 23 January 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2015. "It is 10 years since the US Government opened the prison at Guantanamo, and now three years since 22 January 2009, when the President ordered its closure within 12 months," High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated in a news release. "Yet the facility continues to exist and individuals remain arbitrarily detained – indefinitely – in clear breach of international law," she added. "Nobody should ever be held for years on end without being tried and convicted, or released." Ms. Pillay voiced disappointment that instead of closing the facility, the US Government has "entrenched" a system of arbitrary detention, with the new National Defense Authorization Act. Signed into law last month, the Act now effectively codifies such indefinite military detention without charge or trial.
  29. ACLU Blog of Rights, 29 November 2011: [1]
    .
  30. ^ Carter, Tom "US Senators back law authorizing indefinite military detention without trial or charge," World Socialist Web Site, 2 December 2011: [2].
  31. ^ Julie Pace, Obama signs defense bill despite 'serious reservations', Associated Press, January 1, 2012.
  32. ^ Jonathan Turley, The NDAA's historic assault on American liberty, The Guardian, January 2, 2012.
  33. ^ Press release, December 31, 2011 from American Civil Liberties Union.
  34. ^ Wolf, Naomi (28 March 2012). "The reason I'm helping Chris Hedges' lawsuit against the NDAA". The Guardian. London.
  35. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2012-05-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. ^ Van Voris, Bob (12 September 2012). "Military Detention Law Blocked by U.S. Judge in New York". Bloomberg.
  37. ^ "Courthouse News Service". Archived from the original on 2012-05-20. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
  38. ^ "Indefinite Detention Provision Blocked". Huffington Post. 16 May 2012.
  39. ^ "Federal court enjoins NDAA - Salon.com". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
  40. ^ Kravets, David (17 September 2012). "Feds Urge Appeals Court to Overturn 'Dangerous' Indefinite-Detention Ruling". Wired. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  41. ^ Dolmetsch, Chris (17 July 2013). "Ruling That Struck Down Military Detention Power Rejected". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  42. ^ Hurley, Lawrence (28 April 2014). "Supreme Court rejects hearing on military detention case". Reuters. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  43. ^ "Why Rand Paul Calls This Bill An 'Abomination'". Huffington Post. 21 December 2012.
  44. ^ "House Vote Preserves Indefinite Detention Of Citizens". Huffington Post. 13 June 2013.
  45. ^ "Obama signs NDAA 2014, indefinite detention remains". Salon. 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
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