Invercargill
Invercargill
Waihōpai (Māori) | |
---|---|
![]() Spring in 2005, Esk Street, Invercargill | |
Motto(s): | |
Invercargill City's location on the South Island | |
Coordinates: 46°24′47″S 168°20′51″E / 46.41306°S 168.34750°E | |
Country | New Zealand |
Island | South Island |
Region | Southland |
Communities | Bluff |
Settled by Europeans | 1853 |
Named for | Inbhir – Scottish Gaelic for river's mouth and William Cargill |
Government | |
• Mayor | Nobby Clark |
• Deputy Mayor | Tom Campbell |
• MPs |
|
• UTC+13 (NZDT) | |
Postcode(s) | 9810, 9812 |
Area code | 03 |
Local iwi | Ngāi Tahu |
Website | icc |
Invercargill (
Many streets in the city, especially in the centre and main shopping district, are named after rivers in Scotland. These include the main streets
rivers, amongst others.The 2018 census showed the population was 54,204, up 2.7% on the 2006 census number and up 4.8% on the 2013 census number.[4]
Toponymy
Inver comes from the Scottish Gaelic word inbhir meaning a river's mouth and Cargill is in honour of Captain William Cargill, who was at the time the Superintendent of Otago, of which Southland was then a part.[5]
The Māori name for the city, Waihōpai,[6] comes from the Waihopai River.[7] It may be a corruption of Waiopai, meaning wai (water or stream) of Pai.[8]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Post_Office%2C_Invercargill._ATLIB_289937.png/220px-Post_Office%2C_Invercargill._ATLIB_289937.png)
Southland was a scene of early extended contact between Europeans and Māori, notably whalers and missionaries –
In 1856, a petition was put forward to Thomas Gore Browne, the Governor of New Zealand, for a port at Bluff. Due to the Otago gold rush, the region's population grew during the 1860s with the settlement of Bluff.[12] Browne agreed to the petition and gave the name Invercargill to the settlement north of the port. The settlement's chief surveyor was John Turnbull Thomson, a British civil engineer.[13]
Under the influence of
On 6 August 1884, a group of women gathered together in the Don Street Primitive Methodist Church to form a local branch of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Eliza Ann Brown, wife of Charles W. Brown (who that same year co-founded the local Independent Order of Rechabites), led the group to establish eight main objectives, which included gathering signatures for a petition for women's suffrage.[16] This was the first all-women's organisation established in New Zealand. After affiliating with the new national organisation, the Women's Christian Temperance Union of New Zealand, under the guidance of world missionary Mary C. Leavitt, Roberta Annie Hinton, wife of the new Baptist minister, led the new club as it worked to strengthen the temperance movement in the area and support the needs of women and children across the nation.[17] By 1897, a founding member of this first branch of the WCTU Invercargill, Mrs. Elizabeth Stephen Baird, led the establishment of the Victoria Home for Friendless Girls.[18]
In December 1905, Invercargill voted in local
Publicity has been brought to the city by the election of Tim Shadbolt, a colourful and outspoken former student activist and former mayor of Waitemata City, as mayor. He once appeared in a cheese advertisement stating "I don't mind where, as long as I'm Mayor". His supporters like the colour he brings to the city. His opponents refer to his controversial mayoral career in the Auckland suburbs and to his attitude to veterans during his opposition to the Vietnam War. Publicity and students have also come to the city by the Southern Institute of Technology's "Zero Fees" scheme, which allows New Zealand citizens and permanent residents to study while only paying for material costs of their study, and not tuition fees.
Geography
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2018) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ISS_Invercargill.jpg/220px-ISS_Invercargill.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Parque_De_La_Reina%2C_Invercargill%2C_Nueva_Zelanda_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-Parque_De_La_Reina%2C_Invercargill%2C_Nueva_Zelanda_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg)
Invercargill is the southernmost city in the
Invercargill has a
Suburbs
Inner Invercargill suburbs:
Outer Invercargill localities:
1 - major settlement
Climate
The average temperature high ranges from 18.7 °C (65.7 °F) in January to 9.5 °C (49.1 °F) in July, but temperatures do occasionally exceed 25 °C (77 °F) in summer. Invercargill's hottest temperature on record was 33.8 °C (92.8 °F), recorded on 2 January 1948.[19] Extended periods of heat are rare; however, January 2018 was notable for the city recording three consecutive days above 30 for the first time in its recorded history, peaking with the city's second-highest temperature on record of 32.3 °C (90.1 °F) on 14 January 2018.[20] Owing to its relatively high latitude (46° 24′), the city enjoys nearly 16 hours of daylight at the summer solstice in late December, with astronomical night lasting as little as 2.5 hours. Conversely, the city receives only around 8.5 hours of daylight at the winter solstice in late June.[21]
Invercargill is the "City of Water and Light". The "light" refers to the long summer twilights and the
In September 2010, Invercargill's heaviest snowfall in living memory heralded a run of unseasonably cold weather. A few buildings were damaged, notably
Climate data for Invercargill (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 33.8 (92.8) |
32.1 (89.8) |
28.8 (83.8) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
33.8 (92.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
14.1 (57.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
8.3 (46.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
6.6 (43.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
1.1 (34.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
5.6 (42.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 88.7 (3.49) |
74.2 (2.92) |
91.8 (3.61) |
89.5 (3.52) |
108.4 (4.27) |
95.1 (3.74) |
88.0 (3.46) |
70.4 (2.77) |
90.4 (3.56) |
106.2 (4.18) |
101.7 (4.00) |
92.9 (3.66) |
1,097.3 (43.18) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.6 | 10.6 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 14.7 | 15.4 | 14.4 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 15.4 | 14.4 | 13.3 | 160.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
81.6 | 85.4 | 86.7 | 86.2 | 88.1 | 88.4 | 88.6 | 88.1 | 82.5 | 81.8 | 79.4 | 78.9 | 84.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 200.1 | 175.7 | 152.2 | 123.4 | 94.6 | 82.9 | 101.3 | 125.5 | 145.7 | 175.4 | 186.2 | 201.6 | 1,764.6 |
Source 1: NIWA Climate Data[23] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Météo Climat [24] |
Demographics
The Invercargill City territorial authority covers 389.92 km2 (150.55 sq mi)[25] and had an estimated population of 57,900 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 148 people per km2. This comprises 51,000 people in the Invercargill urban area, 1,840 people in the Bluff urban area, and 5,060 people in the surrounding settlements and rural area.
Ethnicity | Population |
---|---|
New Zealand European | 45,687
|
Māori | 10,764
|
Pasifika | 2,625
|
Asian | 4,242
|
MELAA | 714
|
Other | 702
|
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
2006 | 50,325 | — |
2013 | 51,696 | +0.38% |
2018 | 54,204 | +0.95% |
2023 | 55,599 | +0.51% |
Source: [26][27] |
Invercargill City had a population of 55,599 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,395 people (2.6%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 3,903 people (7.5%) since the 2013 census. There were 24,048 dwellings. The median age was 40.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 10,230 people (18.4%) aged under 15 years, 10,038 (18.1%) aged 15 to 29, 25,077 (45.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 10,248 (18.4%) aged 65 or older.[27]
Ethnicities were 82.2% European/Pākehā, 19.4% Māori, 4.7% Pasifika, 7.6% Asian, 1.3% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.3% other. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.[27]
Invercargill City had a population of 54,204 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 21,585 households, comprising 26,517 males and 27,687 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female.
The percentage of people born overseas was 12.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.0% had no religion, 37.5% were Christian, 0.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.8% were Hindu, 0.4% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.6% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 6,633 (15.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 11,145 (25.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $29,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 5,991 people (13.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 21,885 (50.1%) people were employed full-time, 6,561 (15.0%) were part-time, and 1,650 (3.8%) were unemployed.[26]
Government
Local
The
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Invercargill_water_tower.jpg/170px-Invercargill_water_tower.jpg)
National
The electorate of
Economy
Invercargill is home to the
Invercargill is on the Southern Scenic Route (tourist road), allowing day trips to Queenstown, Stewart Island, Dunedin, Te Anau and Fiordland.[31]
Liquor licensing trusts
The
The Community Trust of Southland was established after Westpac bought out the Trust Bank Southland in the late 1990s. It was sold for approximately $150 million, with those funds now being set aside for the people of the Southland regions, including Queenstown, Arrowtown and Tapanui. It is widely recognised as one of New Zealand's leading community trusts, with the benefit of a large capital base for a relatively small population. Consequently, the Trust provides significant funding to a wide range of projects and programmes. Each year, it distributes between $7 and $10 million in the region, not including the large sums given to sports franchises and building projects and since its inception has distributed close to $140 million in grants. [citation needed]
Brewing
Invercargill was home to Invercargill Brewery, the southernmost manufacturer of beer in New Zealand. Established in 1999, it was an internationally award-winning production brewery which also contract brews for other iconic New Zealand breweries, including Yeastie Boys. The company went into receivership in 2018.[32]
Tourism
Invercargill has a growing tourism sector.[33] Attractions such as E Hayes, Bill Richardson Transport World, Dig This and Classic Motorcycle Mecca attract people to the area.[34]
Banking
SBS Bank, or the Southland Building Society, is a New Zealand-based financial institution that traces its roots back to 1869. Originally established as a building society in Invercargill by James Walker Bain to help local communities achieve their financial goals, SBS Bank has evolved into a full-service bank offering a wide range of banking and financial products. With its headquarters in Invercargill.
Culture
Murihiku Marae is located in Invercargill. It is a marae (meeting ground) of the Waihōpai Rūnanga branch of Ngāi Tahu, and includes Te Rakitauneke wharenui (meeting house).[35][36]
During the late 1880s a small periodical called Literary Southland contained stories as well as memoirs of the pioneering days of the region.[37] The publication was distributed from a store in the northern end of Invercargill. While largely forgotten today, it was considered relatively popular at the time, if at times controversial.[38]
Sport
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rugby_Park_Invercargill.jpg/220px-Rugby_Park_Invercargill.jpg)
The Southern Sting (Netball- Now Southern Steel) won seven National titles from 1999 to 2004, 2007, while the local rugby team the Southland Stags held the Ranfurly Shield from 22 October 2009 to 9 October 2010 and have made the NPC Semi-finals for the past three years. Southland also has one of the highest percentages of sports participants in the country, with codes such as
- Southland Stags(Rugby)
- Spirit FC(Association Football)
- Southern Steel (Netball)
- Southland Sharks (Basketball)
Invercargill is home to the only indoor cycling
For horse racing aficionados there is a racecourse in the aptly named Racecourse Road, on the east side of the city.
Two motorcycle speedway tracks are located within 1 kilometre of each other, and 10 kilometres west from the centre of the city by Oreti Beach. The Oreti Park Speedway and the Riverside Speedway both host important events, the former has held qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Championship in 1976 and 1983[40][41] and the New Zealand Solo Championship six times.[42]
Music
The "Invercargill March", an internationally famous tune, was written by Alex Lithgow, who attended Invercargill Grammar School (now Middle School). In his book Invercargill – 150 Years, Lloyd Esler's opening sentence reads, "Invercargill was done a fine favour by Alex Lithgow who named his famous march after his boyhood home. The Invercargill March is possibly the best advertisement the town has ever had as the work is a brass-band favourite and the word 'Invercargill' is whispered amongst audiences worldwide. There is only one Invercargill in the world – this one".
When Invercargill hosted the national brass band contest in 1909, Alex's brother Tom asked for a test piece for the contest and Alex offered this piece to the city. On the music he wrote,
To Invercargill, the Southernmost City in New Zealand (End of the World), and its Citizens, I dedicate this March as a memento of the many pleasant years spent there in my boyhood.
— Alex Lithgow
Education
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tuatara_southland_museum_invercargill_new_zealand.jpg/220px-Tuatara_southland_museum_invercargill_new_zealand.jpg)
Colleges
- The University of Otago College of Education has its southern most campus in Invercargill.
- Invercargill is home to the Southern Institute of Technology, a polytechnic which provides undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications.
- The Southern Wings Aviation College which operates out of Invercargill airport provides aviation licence training and the New Zealand Diploma in Aviation.[43]
High schools
All high schools in Invercargill are Year 7–13, following a Ministry of Education review in 2004 that made most of Invercargill's primary schools Year 1–6, while also closing the Year 7–8 schools Rosedale Intermediate, Collingwood Intermediate and Tweedsmuir Junior High.
- James Hargest College is in northern Invercargill with about 1,800 pupils.[44]
- Aurora Collegewas established in 2005, after Mount Anglem College was closed in 2004.
- Southland Girls' High School In 2005 became the first state Year 7–13 single-sex female school in New Zealand.
- Southland Boys' High School In 2005 became the first state Year 7–13 single-sex male school in New Zealand.
- Verdon College is a co-educational Catholic school with about 700 pupils.[45]
- Te Wharekura o Arowhenua A Māori school on Tweed street. Teaches years from 1–15.[46][47]
Primary schools
Most primary schools are Year 1–6.
- New River Primary School, co-ed school for Years 1–6 in South Invercargill area. Formerly Kew, South, Clarendon and Clifton Schools.
- St Joseph's, a small co-ed school for Years 1–6, a Catholic school near St Mary's Basilica.
- St Theresa's, North Invercargill, a co-ed Catholic primary school.
- St Patrick's, Georgetown, a co-ed Catholic primary school.
- Ascot Community School, the only public co-ed school in Hawthorndale area.
- Fernworth Primary – co-ed school in Heidelberg area. Formerly St George and Elston Lea.
- Windsor North School, co-ed school in Rosedale area. Previously Invercargill North School.
- Waverley Park School, co-ed school in Waverley Park area.
- Waihopai School, co-ed school in Waihopai area.
- Salford School, co-ed school in Rosedale area.
- St John's Girls' School, Christian character
- Sacred Heart Primary School, North Road, Waikiwi, co-ed Special Character Catholic family school serving the northern suburbs of Waikiwi, Grasmere and Makarewa.
- Donovan Primary School, co-ed school Grasmere area. Formerly Grasmere, Waikiwi, West Plains. Current Principal is Peter Hopwood.
- Otatara Primary School, co-ed school in Otatara area.
- Myross Bush Primary School, co-ed school in Myross Bush area.
- Newfield Park School, co-ed school in Newfield
- Southland Adventist Christian School. A small co-ed school in the Waikiwi area. Formerly Seventh Day Adventist School. Christian Character.
- Middle School, co-ed school located in the middle of Invercargill
- Westmount School. A private (Brethren) school located in the Clarendon area.[48]
Transport
Infrastructure and services
The main hospital in Invercargill is Southland Hospital, located in Kew. It is a public hospital operated by the Southern District Health Board.
The electricity distribution network in the majority of the Invercargill urban area is owned by Electricity Invercargill. The network in the suburbs of Waikiwi, Grasmere, Kew and Kingswell, as well as the surrounding rural area, is owned by The Power Company. Both networks are operated and maintained by Powernet.
Notable residents
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nathan_Cohen_rowing.jpg/180px-Nathan_Cohen_rowing.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Marton_Csokas_by_andrew_maccoll.jpg/180px-Marton_Csokas_by_andrew_maccoll.jpg)
- Peter Arnett – NBC war correspondent
- Peter Beck – Rocket Lab, founder and CEO
- Eliza Ann Brown - first president of the first WCTU organisation in New Zealand (1884)
- Southern Railway, born in Invercargill in 1882
- John Burke– Mayor of Porirua
- Johnnie Checketts– Silver Star, Wingco and Spitfire Ace
- Nathan Cohen – Olympic and two-time world champion rower
- Bill Crawford-Crompton– Silver Star, Air Vice Marshal and WW2 Commander and Ace
- Geoffrey Cox – Rhodes Scholar, Chief Intelligence Officer to General Freyberg in WWII, founded Britain's pioneering News at Ten on ITN.
- Marton Csokas – actor
- Dave Cull - former TV host and mayor of Dunedin
- Dan Davin – author, editor
- All Blacks
- spiral hairpinand the petrol economiser
- NRL
- Joseph Hatch – businessman, oil factor
- Brigadier James Hargest; CBE, DSO & 2 bars, MC, ED, MP – New Zealand chief military officer for Southland and politician
- prima ballerina
- Gerard Johnstone - film director
- Jason Kerrison – Opshopsinger/songwriter
- Chris Knox – musician, cartoonist, filmmaker
- Brendon Leitch – racing driver
- Damon Leitch – racing driver
- Alex Lithgow – composer, musician, conductor
- Bill Manhire – inaugural NZ poet laureate
- Khan Manuel – Guitarist/Composer
- Herbert James "Burt" Munro – inventor, motorcycle enthusiast, racer and under-1000 cc land speed record holder
- Donald Murray "Father of the Teletypewriter"
- Mils Muliaina – All Black
- Harry Norris – music director of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company
- Anton Oliver – All Black
- Warren Parry – darts player
- Herbert Pither– aviation legend of Southland
- Suzanne Prentice – musician
- Boyce Richardson – journalist, author, filmmaker
- Silver FernsCaptain
- Tom Scully – cyclist, 2014 Commonwealth Gold Medallist
- Tim Shadbolt - former mayor
- Glen Thomson – cyclist, 1998 Commonwealth Gold Medallist, 1994 Commonwealth Bronze Medallist
- Victor Spencer – last soldier to be executed in World War I, pardoned in 2005
- David Strang– inventor of instant coffee in 1890
- Garfield Todd – Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia
- Jeremy Waldron – legal and political philosopher
- Joseph Ward – Prime Minister of New Zealand
- Jeff Wilson – All Black and Black Cap ("Double All Black")
- Bob Yule – WWII fighter pilot
- Penny Simmonds – New Zealand Politician
Sister cities
Current sister cities
Former sister city
See also
Notes
- ^ https://icc.govt.nz/your-council/ Invercargill City Council, 'Your Council'
- ^ a b "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
- ^ "List of Place Names – Māori Language Resources". Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori – Māori Language Commission. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
- ^ "2018 Census population and dwelling counts | Stats NZ".
- ^ Wright (2009), p. 224
- ^ "Waihōpai". maoridictionary.co.nz. Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ^ "Waihopai". kahurumanu.co.nz. Kā Huru Manu. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- LINZ. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ^ Wright (2009), p. 61
- ^ Wright (2009), p. 140
- ^ King (2003), p. 170
- ^ Wright (2009), p. 148
- Southland Times. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ^ a b Wright (2009), p. 237
- ^ King (203), p. 238
- ^ "Women's Christian Temperance Union". (Invercargill) Southland Times. No. 4997. Papers Past, National Library of New Zealand. 7 August 1884. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Women's Christian Temperance Union". (Invercargill) Southland Times. No. 8042. Papers Past, National Library of New Zealand. 24 June 1885. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "In Memoriam". The White Ribbon. 32 (377): 3. 18 December 1926. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "New Zealand Climate Summary: January 2018" (PDF). NIWA. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Invercargill has hottest day on record at 32.3°C". Radio New Zealand. 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ "Sunrise and sunset times in Invercargill". www.timeanddate.com. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ^ Hotton, Mark; MacKay, Scot (20 September 2010). "Stadium ruined, more snow coming". The Southland Times. Fairfax. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ "Climate data and activities". NIWA. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "Météo climat stats Records for Invercargill". Météo Climat. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
- ^ "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Invercargill City (075). 2018 Census place summary: Invercargill City
- ^ a b c "2023 Census national and subnational usually resident population counts and dwelling counts" (Microsoft Excel). Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ Russell Kirkpatrick (2005), plate 48
- ^ Grant, David (2 March 2009). "Southland region – Government, education and health". Te Ara. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ Grant, David (2 March 2009). "Southland region – Farming: 1950s to present day". Te Ara. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ Grant, David (2 March 2009). "Southland region – Transport, power and other advances". Te Ara. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ Hartley, Simon (9 November 2018). "New name a fresh start for brewery". Otago Daily Times.
- ^ "Venture Southland, Southland Tourism Key Indicators November 2016 - January 2017" (PDF).
- ^ Pickett, Brittany (26 August 2015). "Bill Richardson Transport World a "catalyst" for tourism". The Southland Times. Fairfax. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ^ "Te Kāhui Māngai directory". tkm.govt.nz. Te Puni Kōkiri.
- ^ "Māori Maps". maorimaps.com. Te Potiki National Trust.
- ^ Hall-Jones, F. G. (1946). Invercargill Pioneers. Southland Historical Committee.
- ^ Miller, F.W. (1977). King of Counties. Craig Printing Ltd.
- ^ MacKay, Scot (18 September 2010). "Fear as roof collapses". The Southland Times. Fairfax. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ "World Championship". Metal Speedway. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ "World Championship". Speedway.org. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ "HISTORYCZNE ZESTAWIENIE WYNIKÓW 1929-2023". Speedway History. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ "Pilot Training & Flight School". Southern Wings.
- ^ Oldfield, Georgina (27 November 2019). "Mike Newell appointed as new James Hargest College principal". The Southland Times. Fairfax. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ "Welcome to Verdon". Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ Counts, Education. "Ministry of Education - Education Counts". www.educationcounts.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
- ^ "School lunch scheme piloted in regions where child poverty is low". Stuff. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
- ^ Westmount School
- ^ "Electricity Invercargill Limited | PowerNet". powernet.co.nz.
- ^ "The Power Company Limited | PowerNet". powernet.co.nz.
- ^ "Sister Cities". Invercargill City Council.
- ^ "'Aussies at fault' for sister city breakdown". Stuff.
References
- Reed, A.W. (2002) The Reed dictionary of New Zealand place names. Auckland: Reed Books. ISBN 0-790-00761-4.
- King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Auckland: Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd. pp. 170, 202, 238, 473. ISBN 0-14-301867-1.
- Wright, Matthew (2009). Old South: Life and Times in the Nineteenth-century Mainland. Auckland: Penguin Group (NZ) Ltd. pp. 236–37. ISBN 978-0-14-300651-0.
- A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A.C. Fox-Davies 1909.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)