Iodine (medical use)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

For "Iodine" (capsule, iodized oil) as found in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines[1], see Lipiodol.

Iodine is a chemical element with many uses in medicine, depending on the form. Elemental iodine and iodophors are topical antiseptics.[2] Iodine, in non-elemental form, functions as an essential nutrient in human biology (see iodine in biology).[3] Organic compounds containing iodine are also useful iodinated contrast agents in X-ray imaging.[4]

Common side effects when applied to the skin include irritation and discoloration.

essential trace element.[1]

In 1811, Bernard Courtois isolated iodine from seaweed while in 1820 Jean-Francois Coindet linked iodine intake to goiter size.[5] It initially came into use as a disinfectant and a treatment for goiter.[6][7] The following forms of iodine are found on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines:[8]

In addition,

iodized salt, is available in more than 110 countries.[9]

Forms and formulations

Elemental iodine

Iodine, elemental
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
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administration		topical
ATC code
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FormulaI2

Elemental iodine is used as an antiseptic either as the element, or as the water-soluble triiodide anion I3− generated in situ by adding iodide to poorly water-soluble elemental iodine (the reverse chemical reaction makes some free elemental iodine available for antisepsis).[1]

In the alternative, iodine may be produced from iodophors, which contain iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent (the iodide ion may be thought of loosely as the iodophor in triiodide water solutions). Examples of such preparations include:[11]

The antimicrobial action of iodine is quick and works at low concentrations, and thus it is used in operating theatres.

parvoviruses are less sensitive than lipid enveloped viruses. Iodine probably attacks surface proteins of enveloped viruses, and it may also destabilise membrane fatty acids by reacting with unsaturated carbon bonds.[14]

Iodine-containg salts

As a nutrient, iodine enters cells as the iodide ion;[15] iodide is also the form of iodine found food such as kelp.[16]

The form of iodide salt most commonly used medically is

thyrotoxicosis. It is also used to block uptake of iodine-131 in the thyroid gland (see isotopes section above), when this isotope is used as part of radiopharmaceuticals (such as iobenguane) that are not targeted to the thyroid or thyroid-type tissues.[17][18]

Iodine-131 (usually as iodide) is a component of

micrograms) of ionic iodine. (The typical daily dose of iodine for normal health is of order 100 micrograms; see "Dietary Intake" below.) Ingestion of this large dose of non-radioactive iodine minimises the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland.[19]

Before the advent of organic

chelating agents, salts of iodide were given orally in the treatment of lead or mercury poisoning, such as heavily popularized by Louis Melsens and many nineteenth and early twentieth century doctors.[20][21]

Organoiodine compounds

Diatrizoic acid
, an iodine-containing radiocontrast agent

As an element with high

radiocontrast agents. This application is often in conjunction with advanced X-ray techniques such as angiography and CT scanning. At present, all water-soluble radiocontrast agents rely on iodine-containing compounds
.

  • Iohexol (contrast agent)
  • Amidotrizoate
    (contrast agent)
  • Meglumine iotroxate
    (contrast agent)
  • Iopanoic acid (contrast agent)

Iodized oil, made by reacting ether esters of fatty acids form vegetable oil with hydroiodic acid, is another important organoiodine preparation. As an iodine supplement, it is given by mouse once per year to prevent endemic goitre in remote communities.[1][22] It is also used as a non-water-soluble radiocontrast.[23]

Other organoiodine drugs include:

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 9789241547659
    .
  2. ^ a b "Iodine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. – This article deals with iodine for topical use. The listed brand names (Iodoflex, Iodosorb) are more appropriately attributed to cadexomer iodine, ATC code D03AX01.
  3. ^ "Iodine Deficiency". American Thyroid Association. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  4. ^ a b Lancaster JL. "Chapter 4: Physical Determinants of Contrast" (PDF). Physics of Medical X-Ray Imaging. The University of Texas Health Science Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2015.
  5. PMID 23201844
    .
  6. ISBN 9780080920863. Archived
    from the original on 12 August 2017.
  7. ISBN 9780471899792. Archived
    from the original on 13 January 2017.
  8. ^
    hdl:10665/325771
    . WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  9. ISBN 9781607613084. Archived
    from the original on 13 January 2017.
  10. ^ "Diagnostic agents". Health Canada. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  11. ISBN 978-0-683-30740-5
    .
  12. PMID 34242340
    .
  13. PMID 21220895
    .
  14. PMID 9880479
    .
  15. S2CID 24230708
    .
  16. PMID 4164900
    .
  17. ^ "Solubility of KI in water". Hazard.com. 21 April 1998. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  18. ^ "EANM procedure guidelines for 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131I-mIBG) therapy" (PDF). 17 June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2009.
  19. ^ "CDC Radiation Emergencies", U.S. Centers for Disease Control, 11 October 2006, accessed 14 November 2010.
  20. ^ "Sur l'emploi de l'iodure de potassium pour combattre les affections saturnines et mercurielles", in Annales de chimie et de physique, t. 26, 3e série, 1849.
  21. ^ "On the Employment of Iodide of Potassium as a Remedy for the Affections Caused by Lead and Mercury", in Br Foreign Med Chir Rev. 1853 Jan; 11(21): 201–224.
  22. PMID 9388412
    .
  23. ISBN 978-0-444-59499-0
    .
  24. PMID 2403903
    .
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