Iranotherium
Iranotherium Temporal range: Late Miocene
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Iranotherium morgani | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Perissodactyla |
Family: | Rhinocerotidae |
Genus: | †Iranotherium Ringström 1924 |
Species: | †I. morgani
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Binomial name | |
†Iranotherium morgani Mecquenem, 1908
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Iranotherium ("Beast of
Description
Iranotherium is only known from cranial material, and rare postcranial elements.[1]
Skull and Horn
The
Dentition
Iranotherium teeth are hypsodont, (they were covered and filled by cement), meaning that Iranotherium was a grazer that fed on grasses. Its upper incisors are completely absent and the premolars are significantly shortened, however, the cheek teeth are longer in the male than in the female.[1]
Discovery and History
Original Discovery
When Iranotherium was originally discovered from teeth, it was recognized that this species was similar to the rhino Elasmotherium and was the ancestor of the latter (This was before Sinotherium was discovered), however in 1908, when it was published as a new species, it was strangely referred to the genus Rhinoceros. In 1924, the material of R. morgani from Maragha was further described. Ringström suggested that this species did not belong in Rhinoceros, referring it to his new genus Iranotherium as I. morgani.[1]
Iranotherium as a genus was originally described in 1908 by Mecquenem where no
Later Discoveries
In 2005, three specimens of Iranotherium were described by Tao Deng. Two of these specimens were complete skulls that showed evidence of unique sexual dimorphism. These specimens are: HMV 0979, a complete young male skull, HMV 1098, a complete adult female skull and finally HMV 1099, known only from a mandible belonging to an adult that is missing the ascending ramus. All specimens were found from the lower part of the upper Miocene Liushu Formation in the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China). HMV 0979 and HMV 1099 were discovered at Houshan village, and HMV 1098 at Shanzhuang village.
The studied skulls and mandible from the Linxia Basin, especially HMV 0979 and HMV 1099, are found to be generally similar to the skull and mandible of Iranotherium morgani from Maragha, with minor differences, like the length ratio of lower premolars to molars. This difference is considered to be due to individual or sexual variations and is not sufficient for establishing a new species. Hence, all three specimens described have been assigned to the genus Iranotherium by Deng. Based on the two skulls from the study, the Maragha specimen is identified as a male due to the presence of hemispherical rugosities on its zygoma.
Paleobiology
Feeding
Iranotherium was a grazer since its dentition is that of a hypsodont. In life it would've had wide and flat lips like those of the extant White Rhino.
The absolute body size of an herbivore is very important in determining the fiber/protein ratio that an animal will be able to tolerate in its diet, as larger animals require proportionately less protein and will be able to tolerate a larger proportion of cellulose. Therefore, the giant body size of I. morgani implies that this species grazed high-fiber grasses. I. morgani obviously inhabited an open grassland.
Sexual variation
In 2005, two skulls of Iranotherium were described by Tao Deng. One skull was from an adult female Iranotherium and the other from a young adult male. These skulls, when compared showed significant, sexually dimorphic differences. The male had rugosities present on each zygomatic arch, whereas the females lacked them entirely. This unique feature is virtually unknown among other rhinocerotids. Male Iranotherium are hypothesized to bear it for supporting larger masseteric and temporalis musculature.
Additional sexually dimorphic features include the zygomatic arch of the male being thicker than that of the female. The anterior part of the nasals are wider and rougher in the male, but narrow and smooth in the female; this difference is related to the huge horn boss in the male and the smaller horn boss in the female. Because the nasal horn boss of the male is a large dome, its nasal groove is distinctly deeper than that of the female. The nasal horn boss of the male is much rougher and likely to have supported a larger horn than that of the female. The skull roof of the male is less curved than that of the female, and the frontal region of the male is more convex than that of the female. Therefore, the overall structure of the whole skull of the male is more robust than that of the female. These features, especially the huge nasal horn, could be used for defense or competition for mates. The zygomatic rugosities of the male I. morgani could have supported a horn-like callused structure for combat or for display. Because these hypertrophies are different from the horn boss rugosities associated with the true horns in rhinos, they are probably indicative of the presence of larger masseteric and temporal muscles and the overall robustness of the skull.
Distribution and Paleoecology
Iranotherium is so far only known from Iran and China. It lived in a forested environment in Iran whereas it occupied a more open habitat in China.
In Iran, Iranotherium is known from the middle local biozones of the Maragha fauna, from an age of between 9 and 7.6 Ma. Over there, it coexisted with
In China, Iranotherium is known from the middle part of the
References
- ^ S2CID 85820005.
Bibliography
- Deng, T. (2005). New discovery of Iranotherium morgani (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China, and its sexual dimorphism. Journal of vertebrate Paleontology, 25(2), 442–450.
- Ringström, T. (1924). "Nashorner der Hipparion-fauna Nord-Chinas". Palaeontologia Sinica. 1 (4): 1–159. OCLC 702555572.