J. D. Bernal

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John Desmond Bernal
Bernal–Fowler rules
Zone melting
Spouse
Agnes Eileen Sprague
​
​
(m. 1922)​
Children4, including
Bakerian Lecture
(1962)
Scientific career
FieldsX-ray crystallography
InstitutionsBirkbeck College, University of London
Doctoral advisorWilliam Henry Bragg[1]
Doctoral students
Military career
Allegiance 
Second World War

John Desmond Bernal

communist activist and a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain
(CPGB).

Education and early life

His family was Irish, with a mix of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and

Albert Agricultural College spent 14 years in Australia before returning to County Tipperary to buy a farm, Brookwatson, near Nenagh where Bernal was brought up. His American mother, née Elizabeth Miller, whose mother was from Antrim, was a graduate of Stanford University and a journalist and had converted to Catholicism.[9][10] Elizabeth was raised Protestant and would send John to a Protestant school in his youth.[11]

Bernal was educated in England first for one term at Stonyhurst College, which he hated and so was moved to Bedford School at the age of 13. A pupil at the school from 1914 to 1919, according to Goldsmith he found it "extremely unpleasant" and most of his fellow students "bored him", but his younger brother Kevin, who was also there, was "some consolation",[12] while Brown claims that "he seemed to adjust easily to life" there.[13] In 1919, he went to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, with a scholarship.[14][15]

At Cambridge, Bernal read both mathematics and science for a

Ronald G.W. Norrish in his third year. At Cambridge, he also became known as "Sage", a nickname given to him about 1920 by a young woman working in Charles Kay Ogden's Bookshop at the corner of Bridge Street.[16]

Career and research

After his graduation, Bernal began research under William Henry Bragg at the Davy Faraday Laboratory at the Royal Institution[17] in London. In 1924 he determined the structure of graphite (the Bernal stacking describes the registry of two graphite planes) and also did work on the crystal structure of bronze.[17] His strength was in analysis as much as experimental method, and his mathematical and practical treatment of determining crystal structure was widely studied, but he also developed an X-ray spectro-goniometer.[18]

In 1927, he was appointed as the first lecturer in Structural Crystallography at Cambridge, becoming the assistant director of the

sterols (1936) and the tobacco mosaic virus (1937).[17]

He also worked on the structure of liquid water, showing the boomerang shape of its molecule (1933). It was in Bernal's research group that after a year working with Tiny Powell at Oxford,

haemoglobin
that would occupy him most of his career.

However, Bernal was refused fellowships at Emmanuel and Christ's and tenure by Ernest Rutherford, who disliked him,[21] and in 1937, Bernal became Professor of Physics at Birkbeck College, University of London, a department that had been brought to the first rank by Patrick Blackett. The same year, he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.[7] After World War II, he established Birkbeck's Biomolecular Research Laboratory in two Georgian houses in Torrington Square with 15 researchers. It was there that Aaron Klug and Rosalind Franklin worked on tobacco mosaic virus, and Andrew Donald Booth developed some of the earliest computers to help with the computation.

His

Bakerian lecture in 1962.[22]

Ministry of Home Security

In the early 1930s, Bernal had been arguing for peace, but that changed after the

Solly Zuckerman to carry out the first proper analyses of the effects of enemy bombing and of explosions on animals and people. Their subsequent analysis of the effects of bombs on Birmingham and Kingston upon Hull showed that city bombing produced little disruption and production was affected only by direct hits on factories. A supper for scientists organised by the Tots and Quots in Soho generated a multi-author book Science in War produced in a month by Allen Lane, one of the guests, arguing that science should be applied in every part of the war effort.[23]

From 1942, he and Zuckerman served as scientific advisers to

Smithfield Meat Market.[24] This project indirectly marked his divergence from Zuckerman, when he was recalled from a joint tour of the Middle East investigating the co-operation of army and air force, but the tour established Zuckerman's reputation as a military scientist.[25]

Operation Overlord and D-Day

After the disaster of the

Arromanches on previous holidays) and aerial surveys.[28]

At Bernal's memorial service, Zuckerman downplayed Bernal's part in the Normandy landings and said that he was not cleared for the highest levels of security.[29] Given Bernal's Marxist and pro-Soviet sympathies, it is perhaps remarkable that there has never been any suggestion that he fed any information in that direction.[30] However, Brown provides evidence[31][32] of Bernal's contributions to the preparation and the success of the invasion.

After assisting in the preparations for

starboard".[33]

Publications

Bernal's 1929 work The World, the Flesh and the Devil has been called "the most brilliant attempt at scientific prediction ever made" by Arthur C. Clarke.[34] It is famous for having been the first to propose the so-called Bernal sphere, a type of space habitat intended for permanent residence. The second chapter explores radical changes to human bodies and intelligence and the third discusses the impact of these on society.

In The Social Function of Science (1939) he argued that science was not an individual pursuit of abstract knowledge and that the support of research and development should be dramatically increased.

Science Citation Index, said "his idea of a centralized reprint center was in my thoughts when I first proposed the as yet nonexistent SCI in Science in 1955."[35]

Oparin and Haldane
onwards.

Other publications include

Political activism

Raised as a Catholic, Bernal became a socialist in Cambridge as a result of a long night arguing with a friend. He also became an atheist.

road to Damascus, goes some way to account for, but not excuse, Bernal's blind allegiance for the rest of his life, to the Soviet Union".[38] He joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in 1923.[39] His membership evidently lapsed when he returned to Cambridge in 1927 and was not renewed until 1933,[40] and he may have lost his card again shortly afterward.[39]

Bernal became a prominent

sociology of science
.

After World War II, although Bernal had been involved in evaluating the effects of atomic attacks against the Soviet Union,

Communist Poland in 1948. Afterwards, he wrote a letter to the New Statesman warning that the US was preparing "a war for complete world domination".[41] Consequently, when Bernal was invited to a world peace conference in New York in February 1949, his visa was refused. However, he was allowed into France in April for the World Congress of the Partisans of Peace, with Frédéric Joliot-Curie as president and Bernal as vice-president. The following year the organisation changed its name to the World Peace Council
.

On 20 September 1949, after his return from giving a speech strongly critical of Western countries at a peace conference in Moscow, the

Lysenko affair
had erupted in August 1948, when Stalin authorised Lysenko's theory of plant genetics as official Soviet orthodoxy, and he refused any deviation. Bernal and the whole British scientific left were damaged by his support for Lysenko's theory, even after many scientists had abandoned their sympathy for the Soviet Union.

Under pressure from the burgeoning

Soviet Academy of Sciences in November 1948.[42] In November 1949, the British Association for the Advancement of Science removed Bernal from membership of its council.[43] Membership in British radical science groups quickly declined. Unlike some of his socialist colleagues, Bernal persisted in defending the Soviet position on Lysenko. He publicly refused to accept the gaping fissures that the dispute revealed between the study of natural science and dialectical materialism.[44]

In November 1950, Pablo Picasso, a fellow communist, en route to a Soviet-sponsored[45] World Peace Congress in Sheffield created a mural in Bernal's flat at the top of No. 22 Torrington Square.[46] In 2007, it became part of the Wellcome Trust's collection[47][48] for £250,000.

Throughout the 1950s, Bernal maintained a faith in the Soviet Union as a vehicle for the creation of a socialist scientific utopia. In 1953, he was awarded the

Stalin Peace Prize.[49] From 1959 to 1965, he was president of the World Peace Council
.

Awards and honours

Bernal was awarded the

Bakerian Lecture in 1962.[22][53]

Bernal was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1937.[7] A fictional portrait of Bernal appears in the novel The Search, an early work of his friend C. P. Snow. He was also said[by whom?] to be the inspiration for the character Tengal in The Holiday by Stevie Smith. The Bernal Lecture and its successor the Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture Medal and Lecture were named in his honour.[52]

Legacy

The Bernal Building at the University of Limerick was named in his honour. He is the eponym of the John Desmond Bernal Prize.

Bernal's brass microscope, in the possession of his great-grandson, was restored in an episode of the BBC Television series The Repair Shop shown in April 2023.[54]

Personal life

Bernal had two children – Mike (1926–2016) and Egan (b. 1930)[6] – with his wife Agnes Eileen Sprague (1898–1990), a secretary, who was usually referred to as Eileen.[55] He married Sprague on 21 June 1922, the day after having been awarded his BA degree. Bernal was 21, Sprague 23. Sprague was described as an active socialist and their marriage as 'open' which they both lived up to 'with great gusto'.[56]

In the early 1930s he had a brief intimate relationship with chemist Dorothy Hodgkin, whose scientific research work he mentored.[2][57] He had a long-term relationship with the artists' patron Margaret Gardiner. Their son Martin Bernal (1937–2013)[58] was a professor in the Department of Government at Cornell University and author of the controversial Black Athena.[59][60] Margaret referred to herself as "Mrs. Bernal", though the two never married. Eileen is mentioned as his widow in 1990.[55]

He also had a child (Jane, born 1953) with Margot Heinemann.[6]

Writings

References

  1. ^ "William Bragg - the Mathematics Genealogy Project".
  2. ^
    EThOS uk.bl.ethos.727110. Archived from the original
    on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  3. ^ "Alan Mackay - the Mathematics Genealogy Project".
  4. ^ "Max Perutz - the Mathematics Genealogy Project".
  5. ^ Images of Bernal at the National Portrait Gallery
  6. ^ a b c Goldsmith 1980, p. 238
  7. ^
    doi:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0002
    .
  8. ^ Bevis Marks Records, Vols 1–6 of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish Congregation, London; Miriam Rodrigues Pereira, ed.
  9. ISBN 0-19-851544-8
    .
  10. ^ Brown 2005, pp. 1–3
  11. ISBN 978-0-19-851544-9
    .
  12. ^ Goldsmith 1980, p. 24
  13. ^ Brown 2005, p. 9
  14. ^ Goldsmith 1980, p. 26
  15. ISBN 0-7171-2945-4
    .
  16. ^ Goldsmith 1980, p. 27
  17. ^
    ISBN 0-19-280086-8
    .
  18. ^ Brown 2005, p. 55,61
  19. ^ Brown 2005, p. 94 Goldsmith reports Zuckerman and Crowther were surprised Bernal was not awarded a Nobel for that since it corrected the structure for which the 1928 award had been made.
  20. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  21. ^ Brown 2005, pp. 90, 146, 187
  22. ^ a b The structure of liquids. Bakerian Lecture. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 280, 299-322.
  23. ^ Brown 2005, pp. 198–9, 176
  24. ^ Brown 2005, pp. 215–20, 235–7
  25. ^ Brown 2005, pp. 222–4
  26. ^ "No. 36590". The London Gazette. 30 June 1944. p. 3099.
  27. ^ Brown 2005, pp. 238–247
  28. ^ a b Goldsmith 1980, pp. 105–108
  29. ^ Brown 2005, pp. 477–484
  30. ^ Brown 2005, p. 184
  31. S2CID 220096079
    .
  32. ^ "Solly Zuckerman and J D Bernal, Times review by Christopher Coker of both Andrew Brown's biography of Bernal and Bernard Donovan's biography of Zukerman, 8 February 2006". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  33. ^ Goldsmith 1980, pp. 102–112
  34. ^ Clarke, Arthur C. (2000). Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds. St Martin's Griffin, New York. cited in Brown 2005, p. 70
  35. ^ Eugene Garfield. "Tracing the Influence of JD Bernal on the World of Science through Citation Analysis" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  36. ISBN 978-0-19-502174-5
    .
  37. ISBN 9781438109770
    . Although a devout Catholic in his boyhood, he became an outspoken atheist, socialist, and sometime Communist Party member...
  38. ^
    doi:10.1096/fj.07-0202ufm
    .
  39. ^ a b Goldsmith 1980, p. 31
  40. ^ a b Brown 2005, p. 269
  41. ^ J.D. Bernal (18 September 1948). "Letter". New Statesman. Vol. XXXVI. pp. 238–239. quoted in Brown 2005, p. 325
  42. ^ Brown 2005, p. 304
  43. ^ Goldsmith 1980, pp. 182 et seq
  44. ^ Goldsmith 1980, pp. 189 et seq
  45. ^ Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times, p. 181
  46. ^ Goldsmith 1980, p. picture
  47. ^ The night that Picasso was a little plastered, The Times, 2 April 2007.
  48. ^ Bernal's Picasso goes on show in London at Wellcome Collection, Culture24, UK, 14 January 2008.
  49. ^ a b Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1959.
  50. ^ "Royal Medals". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.
  51. ^ The physical basis of life. (The Guthrie Lecture of the Physical Society.) Proc. phys. Soc. Lond. A 62, 357. Also published (1951) Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  52. ^ a b "Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Medal and Lecture | Royal Society". 30 November 2023.
  53. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0002
    .
  54. ^ "Live Series 12: Episode 4". The Repair Shop. Series 12. Episode 4. 12 April 2023. BBC Television. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  55. ^ a b Brief biography of Bernal at the National Portrait Gallery, London
  56. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/57/1/006
    .
  57. ^ Brown 2005, p. 139
  58. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for Margaret Gardiner
  59. ^ Morgan, Janet (5 January 2005). "Margaret Gardiner, obituary in The Guardian, 5 January 2005".
  60. ^ "Margaret Gardiner, obituary by Nchima Trust". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2011.

Sources

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