Kimmeridge Clay
Kimmeridge Clay | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: | |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Ancholme Group (onshore), Humber Group (offshore) |
Sub-units | Birch Sandstone Member Burns Sandstone Member Claymore Sandstone Member Dirk Sandstone Member Magnus Sandstone Member Ptarmigan Sandstone Member Ribble Sandstone Member |
Underlies | Portland Sand Formation, Speeton Clay Formation, Spilsby Sandstone |
Overlies | Ampthill Clay, Corallian Group |
Lithology | |
Primary | Mudstone |
Other | Siltstone, Sandstone, Conglomerate |
Location | |
Region | England (surface) North Sea (subsurface) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Type section | |
Named for | Kimmeridge Bay |
Location | Type section - North Sea well 47/15- 1 at 885-919 m depth Type area - coastal outcrops from Black Head, Weymouth to Chapman's Pool |
The Kimmeridge Clay is a
Description
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2016) |
Kimmeridge Clay is named after the village of Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast of England, where it is well exposed and forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.[2] Onshore, it is of Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) age and outcrops across England, in a band stretching from Dorset in the south-west, north-east to North Yorkshire. Offshore, it extends into the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian Stage) and it is found throughout the Southern, Central and Northern North Sea.[1]
The foundations of the Humber Bridge on the southern (Barton) side of the bridge are on Kimmeridge Clay beneath superficial deposits, under the Humber estuary.[3]
Economic importance
Kimmeridge Clay is of great economic importance,[2] being the major source rock for oil fields in the North Sea hydrocarbon province.[4] It has distinctive physical properties and log responses.[5]
Vertebrate fauna
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Fauna uncovered from the Kimmeridge Clay include:[6]
Ray-finned fish
Ray-finned fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Most common Kimmeridge clay fish, known from several complete specimens |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
|||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
||||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
||||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
One specimen, a fin |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
|||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
||||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
||||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
||||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
||||
H.tenuirostris |
Dorset |
Rare |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
|||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Rare |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
|||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Rare, one complete specimen |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
|||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Fairly common, multiple near complete specimens. |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
Lobe-finned fish
Lobe-finned fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
One specimen, cranial material |
Coelacanth. Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches. More than 2 metres long |
Cartilaginous fish
Cartilaginous fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Known from many dorsal spines |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
|||
Indeterminate |
Known from many dorsal spines |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
||||
Indeterminate |
Known from many dorsal spines, perhaps a complete head |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
||||
Indeterminate |
One specimen |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
||||
Rhinobatidae
|
Indeterminate |
Known from a complete specimen, and other isolated remains |
Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches |
|||
K. etchesi |
Known from multiple partial skeletons |
A spathobatid ray | ||||
Durnonovariaodus [10] | D. maiseyi | Pectinatites pectinatus ammonite zone | One partial skeleton | A hybodontid
|
Turtles
Turtles of the Kimmeridge clay Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Craspedochelys | C. passmorei | Swindon | "NHMUK R5871 (holotype), subcomplete shell with associated postcranial remains, including parts of the girdles, the left humerus, and partial cervical vertebrae"[11] | Thalassochelydian sea turtle | ||
Achelonia | A. formosa | Ely, Cambridgeshire | "CAMSM J29898 to CAMSM J29955 (holotype), a partial, disarticulated skeleton"[11] | Thalassochelydian sea turtle, formerly considered the distinct species "Enaliochelys chelonia"[12] | ||
Pelobatochelys | P. blakii | Weymouth | Carapace fragments | Thalassochelydian sea turtle | ||
Plesiochelys[13] | P. etalloni | "basicranium with partial otic chambers and fragment of the right maxilla" | Thalassochelydian sea turtle | |||
Thalassemys | T. bruntrutana, T. hugii | Isle of Purbeck (bruntrutana), Abingdon, Oxfordshire (hugii) | "A partial carapace and associated limb and girdle elements (NHMUK R8699)" (Purbeck) "A large shell (OUMNH J.66966)" (Oxfordshire)[13] | Thalassochelydian sea turtle | ||
Tropidemys[13] | P. langii | Weymouth | "NHMUK OR44178b, an isolated neural; NHMUK OR45920, right costals 1–3; NHMUK OR45921, a left first costal; NHMUK R2733, a left fourth costal" | Thalassochelydian sea turtle |
Archosaurs
Thalattosuchians
Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. megarhinus |
A pelagic teleosaurid.[14]
|
|||||
C. gracilis |
A metriorhynchid
| |||||
D. maximus |
A geosaurine metriorhynchid
| |||||
M. brevirostris |
A metriorhynchine metriorhynchid | |||||
P. manseli |
A geosaurine metriorhynchid | |||||
T. carpenteri[15] |
A geosaurine metriorhynchid | |||||
T. coryphaeus[17] |
A geosaurine metriorhynchid |
Ornithischians
Indeterminate ankylosaur osteoderms have been found in Wiltshire, England.[18] Indeterminate stegosaurid remains have been found in Dorset and Wiltshire, England.[6]
Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. prestwichii[6] |
|
"Fragmentary skull and skeleton."[19] |
Iguanodontian | |||
D. armatus[6] |
vertebrae, a massive right femur (thigh bone), ribs and a near complete pelvis. |
Stegosaur. Wiltshire remains include specimens previously referred to Omosaurus armatus and O. hastiger.[6] | ||||
Indeterminate[6] |
|
Kimmeridge clay remains considered to represent a possible close relative of Bugenasaura[20] are now regarded as the remains of an indeterminate euornithopod.[6](The specimen may have had its locality and horizon mislabelled.) | ||||
O.armatus[6] |
|
Reclassified as Dacentrurus armatus because the generic name Omosaurus was preoccupied.[6] | ||||
O. hastiger[6] |
|
Saurischians
Indeterminate ornithomimmid remains have been found in Dorset, England.[6] An undescribed theropod genus was found in Dorset.[6]
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. suffosus[6] |
|
"[Seven] dorsal and sacral centra."[21] |
Considered a nomen dubium. | |||
C. humerocristatus[6] |
|
Now Duriatitan.[22] | ||||
Indeterminate[6] |
|
Remains previously referred to an indeterminate species of Cetiosaurus are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material.[6] | ||||
D. humerocristatus |
|
A titanosauriform[22]
| ||||
G. megalonyx[6] |
|
Remains previously referred to Gigantosaurus megalonyx are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material.[6] | ||||
" |
|
|
"Humerus."[24] |
Remains previously referred to Ischyrosaurus manseli are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material.[6] | ||
J. langhami |
|
Partial skeleton |
A primitive tyrannosaur
| |||
Torvosaurus[27] | Indeterminate | Swindon, Dorset | Tibia (OUMNH J.29886) and maxilla fragment, collected separately | A megalosaurid | ||
Indeterminate |
A tooth from Foxhangers, Wiltshire (NHMUK 46388), phalanges from an unspecified locality in Wiltshire (DZSWS 3009), and a proximal caudal verte-
bra from Shotover, Oxfordshire (OUMNH J.47134).[27] |
Remains previously referred to Megalosaurus are now regarded as indeterminate theropod material.[6] | ||||
Indeterminate[6] |
Remains previously attributed to one or more indeterminate species of Ornithopsis (incl. O. leedsii) are now regarded as possible indeterminate sauropod material.[6] |
Pterosaurs
Genus | Species | location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cuspicephalus[28] | C. scarfi |
Dorset |
Partial Skull | Missing Crest, lower jaw and dentition | |
R.etchesi |
Dorset |
||||
indeterminate |
Dorset |
Plesiosaurs
Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. swindoniensis |
Plesiosaur of unknown affinities |
|||||
C. megadeirus |
A cryptoclidid
| |||||
C. trochantericus |
Nomen dubium | |||||
K. langhami |
A cryptoclidid | |||||
"P." manseli |
Distinct from Colymbosaurus.[29] | |||||
P. brachydeirus |
A pliosaurid
| |||||
P. brachyspondylus[30] |
Nomen dubium | |||||
P. carpenteri |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid | |||||
P. kevani |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid | |||||
P. portentificus[32] |
A nomen dubium | |||||
P. ?rossicus |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid; taxonomic identification of specimens tentative[30] | |||||
P. westburyensis |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid | |||||
P. sp. 1 |
Partial skeleton, CAMSM J.35991 |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid; previously assigned to the nomen dubium P. brachyspondylus[30][31] | ||||
P. sp. 2 |
Mandible, NHMUK PV OR 39362 |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid; previously assigned to the nomen dubium P. macromerus[30][31] | ||||
Indeterminate |
Ichthyosaurs
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B.extremus |
Dorset |
|||||
G.mordax |
Dorset |
|||||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Giant, near complete specimen. Proposed to have been 6 metres long when complete. Housed at the Etches collection in dorset. | ||||
M.trigonus |
Dorset |
Nomen dubium - classified by a single vertebra | ||||
N.enthekiodon |
Dorset |
|||||
T. etchesi |
Dorset |
The Pectinatites pectinatus ammonite zone |
||||
Indeterminate |
Dorset |
Invertebrates
The invertebrate fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes:[33][34]
- Mollusca:
- Cardium striatulum
- Ostrea deltoidea
- Gryphaea (Exogyra) virgula
- Trigonellites
- Belemnotheutis
- Etchesia
- Arthropoda:
- Phlyctosoma sp.
- Eryma sp.
- Magita latimana
- Mechochirus sp.
- Archaeolepas redtenbacheri
See also
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
References
- ^ a b British Geological Survey. "Kimmeridge Clay Formation". BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
- ^ a b Gallois R.W. (2004). "The Kimmeridge Clay: the most intensively studied formation in Britain". Open University Geological Journal. 25 (2).
- ^ Historic England. "The Humber Bridge (1447321)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
- ^ Gautier D.L. (2005). "Kimmeridgian Shales Total Petroleum System of the North Sea Graben Province" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-86239-237-3.
- ^ ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- ^ Etches, S, Clarke, J. (2010). Life in Jurassic seas. Dorset, Dorchester: Epic Creative Print.
- ^ "The Collection Database". www.theetchescollection.org. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- S2CID 90691006.
- PMID 34026354.
- ^ S2CID 31091127.
- PMID 32492031.
- ^ PMID 26909172.
- PMID 30972249.
- ^ .
- S2CID 83985855.
- .
- ^ Martill, D.M.; Naish, D.; Earland, S. (2006). "Dinosaurs in marine strata: evidence from the British Jurassic, including a review of the allochthonous vertebrate assemblage from the marine Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Great Britain.". Colectivo Arqueológico y Paleontológico Salense (PDF) (Actas de las III Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios y su Entorno, 16–17 Sep. 2004. Salas de los Infantes, Burgos, España ed.). pp. 47–84.
- ^ "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 415.
- ^ Galton, Peter M. (1999). "Cranial anatomy of the hypsilophodont dinosaur Bugenasaura infernalis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America". Revue Paléobiologie, Genève. 18 (2): 517–534.
- ^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270.
- ^ a b Paul M. Barrett; Roger B.J. Benson; Paul Upchurch (2010). "Dinosaurs of Dorset: Part II, the sauropod dinosaurs (Saurischia, Sauropoda) with additional comments on the theropods". Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. 131: 113–126.
- ^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 267.
- ^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 271.
- S2CID 129921557.
- .
- ^ S2CID 85354215.
- ^ "A new monofenestratan pterosaur from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Kimmeridgian, Upper Jurassic) of Dorset, England - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". www.app.pan.pl. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- S2CID 85066808.
- ^ PMID 23741520.
- ^ ISSN 0029-196X. Low resolution pdf Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine High resolution pdf Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
- .
- ^ http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Student-s-Elements-of-Geology7.html The Student's Elements of Geology by Sir Charles Lyell Part 7 out of 14 accessed 13 February 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-901702-42-5. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
Bibliography
- Galton, P.M. 1999. Cranial anatomy of the hypsilophodontid dinosaur Bugenasaura infernalis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America. Revue Pale´obiologie, 18, 517–534.
Further reading
- Martill, D.M., Naish, D. & Earland, S. 2006. Dinosaurs in marine strata: evidence from the British Jurassic, including a review of the allochthonous vertebrate assemblage from the marine Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Great Britain. In: Colectivo Arqueologico y Paleontologico Salense, (ed.) Actas de las III Jornadas Intrernacionales sobre Paleontologı´a de Dinosaurios y su Entorno, 16–17 September 2004. Salas de los Infantes, Burgos, 47–84.